Aboul Ella Hassanien (Abo)

Machine learning and computer vision techniques have applied for evaluating food quality as well as crops grading. In this paper, a new classification system has been proposed to classify infected/uninfected tomato fruits according to its external surface. The system is based on feature fusion method with color and texture features. Color moments, GLCM, and Wavelets energy and entropy have been used in the proposed system. Principle Component Analysis (PCA) technique has been used to reduce the feature vector obtained after fusion to avoid dimensionality problem and save time and cost. Support vector machine (SVM) was used to classify tomato images into 2 classes; infected/uninfected using Min-Max and Z-Score normalization methods. The dataset used in this research contains 177 tomato fruits each was captured from four faces (Top, Side1, Side2, and End). Using 70% of the total images for training phase and 30% for testing, our proposed system achieved accuracy 92%.

Orphan drugs are a treatment for rare diseases. From that, comes the importance of orphan drug development and discovery. For an orphan drug to be approved by the FDA, it does not have to be similar to any approved orphan drug. So chemists opinions are important to determine the probability of similarity. It is too hard to check all orphan drugs for any rare disease. It takes a long time and big effort, so we introduce in this study a system that classifies the orphan drugs according to their probability of structural similarity. It also compares between them and the unauthorized orphan drug to determine the closest orphan drug to it. That system helps chemists to study a certain orphan database using the five features. That system provides better results. It provides chemists with the clusters of orphan drugs after adding the drug that needs to be authorized to its cluster.

Well maintained road network is an essential requirement for the safety and consistency of vehicles moving on that road and the wellbeing of people in those vehicles. On the other hand, guaranteeing an adequate maintenance by road managers can be achieved via having sufficient and accurate information concerning road infrastructure quality that can be as well utilized concurrently by the widespread means of users’ mobile devices both locally and worldwide. This article proposes a road condition monitoring framework that detects the road anomalies such as speed bumps. In the proposed approach, the main indicator for road anomalies is the gyroscope around gravity rotation in addition to the accelerometer sensor as a cross-validation method to confirm the detection results that were gathered from the gyroscope.

The increasing growth of the world trade and growing con-
cerns of food safety by consumers need a cutting-edge animal identi-
cation and traceability systems as the simple recording and reading
of tags-based systems are only eective in eradication programs of na-
tional disease. Animal biometric-based solutions, e.g. muzzle imaging
system, oer an eective and secure, and rapid method of addressing
the requirements of animal identication and traceability systems. In
this paper, we propose a robust and fast cattle identication approach.
This approach makes use of Local Binary Pattern (LBP) to extract local
invariant features from muzzle print images. We also applied dierent
classiers including Nearest Neighbor, Naive Bayes, SVM and KNN for
cattle identication. The experimental results showed that our approach
is superior than existed works as ours achieves 99,5% identication accu-
racy. In addition, the results proved that our proposed method achieved
this high accuracy even if the testing images are rotated in various angels
or occluded with dierent parts of their sizes.

In this paper, we investigate the eect of using an optimum
number of clusters with Fuzzy C-Means clustering, for Liver CT image
segmentation. The optimum number of clusters to be used was measured
using the average silhouette value. The evaluation was carried out using
the Jaccard index, in which we concluded that using the optimum number
of clusters may not necessarily lead to the best segmentation results.

The orphan drug certification process from the European committee is
depending on experts opinions that it is not similar to any other drug, this stage is
very complicated and those opinions differ based on the expertise. So, this paper
introduces computational model that gives one accurate probability of similarity,
using multiple fingerprints measurements to similarity, and fuse these measurements
by data fusion rules, that give one probability of similarity helping experts
to determine that drug is similar to existing anyone or not.

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mechanism that cells use to control
gene expression. DNA methylation has become one of the hottest topics in cancer
research, especially for abnormally hypermethylated tumor suppressor genes
or hypomethylaed oncogenes research. The analysis of DNA methylation data
determines the differential hypermethlated or hypomethylated genes that are candidate
to be cancer biomarkers. Visualization the DNA methylation status may
lead to discover new relationships between hypomethylated and hypermethylated
genes, therefore this paper applied a mathematical modelling theory called formal
concept analysis for visualizing DNA methylation status.

Internal.density.of.the.breast.is.a.parameter.that.clearly.affects.the.performance.of.segmentation.and.
classification.algorithms.to.define.abnormality.regions..Recent.studies.have.shown.that.their.sensitivity.
is.significantly.decreased.as.the.density.of.the.breast.is.increased..In.this.chapter,.enhancement.and. segmentation.processis applied to increase the computation and focus onmammographic parenchyma.
This.parenchyma is analyzed to discriminate tissue density according to BIRADS using Local Binary
Pattern.(LBP),.Gray.Level.Co-Occurrence.Matrix.(GLCM),.Fractal.Dimension.(FD),.and.feature.fusion.
technique.is.applied.to.maximize.and.enhance.the.performance.of.the.classifier.rate..The.different.methods.
for.computing.tissue.density.parameter.are.reviewed,.and.the.authors.also.present.and.exhaustively.
evaluate.algorithms.using.computer.vision.techniques..The.experimental.results.based.on.confusion.
matrix.and.kappa.coefficient.show.a.higher.accuracy.is.obtained.by.automatic.agreement.classification.

Actors in social networks tend to form community groups based on common location, interests, occupation, etc. Communities play special roles in the structure–function relationship; therefore, detecting such communities can be a way to describe and analyze such networks. However, the size of those networks has grown tremendously with the increase of computational power and data storage. While various methods have been developed to extract community structures, their computational cost or the difficulty to parallelize existing algorithms make partitioning real networks into communities a challenging problem. In this paper, we introduce a generative process to model the interactions between social network’s actors. Through unsupervised learning using expectation maximization, we derive an efficient and fast community detection algorithm based on Bayesian network and expectation maximization (BNEM). We show that BNEM algorithm can infer communities within directed or undirected networks, and within weighted or un-weighted networks. We also show that the algorithm is easy to parallelize. We then explore and analyze the result of the BNEM method. Finally, we conduct a comparative analysis with other well-known methods in the fields of community detection.

The accumulating data are easy to store but the ability of understanding and using it does not keep track with its growth. So researches focus on the nature of knowledge processing in the mind. This paper proposes a semantic model (CKRMCC) based on cognitive aspects that enables cognitive computer to process the knowledge as the human mind and find a suitable representation of that knowledge. In cognitive computer, knowledge processing passes through three major stages: knowledge acquisition and encoding, knowledge representation, and knowledge inference and validation. The core of CKRMCC is knowledge representation, which in turn proceeds through four phases: prototype formation phase, discrimination phase, generalization phase, and algorithm development phase. Each of those phases is mathematically formulated using the notions of real-time process algebra. The performance efficiency of CKRMCC is evaluated using some datasets from the well-known UCI repository of machine learning datasets. The acquired datasets are divided into training and testing data that are encoded using concept matrix. Consequently, in the knowledge representation stage, a set of symbolic rule is derived to establish a suitable representation for the training datasets. This representation will be available in a usable form when it is needed in the future. The inference stage uses the rule set to obtain the classes of the encoded testing datasets. Finally, knowledge validation phase is validating and verifying the results of applying the rule set on testing datasets. The performances are compared with classification and regression tree and support vector machine and prove that CKRMCC has an efficient performance in representing the knowledge using symbolic rules.

Powdery mildew caused by Erysiphe graminis f. sp. tritici is one of the most harmful disease causing great losses in wheat yield. Currently, thermal spectral sensing of plant disease under different environmental conditions in field is a cutting-edge research. Objectives of this study were to assess thermal imaging of normal and infected leaves for early detection of powdery mildew in wheat after the artificial infection with Erysiphe graminis fungus in a pot experiment under greenhouse conditions. Pot experiment lasting for 30 days was conducted. Additionally, wheat seedlings were artificially infected with pathogen at 10 days from sowing. This is the first study in Egypt to use thermal imaging technique for early detection of powdery mildew disease on leaf using thermal signatures of artificial infected leaves as a reference images. Particularly, the variations in temperature between infected and healthy leaves of wheat and the variation between air and leaf-surface temperatures under greenhouse conditions were sensed for early detection of disease. Results revealed that infection with powdery mildew pathogen induced changes in leaf temperature (from 0.37 °C after one hour from the infection to 0.78 °C at 21 days after infection with the pathogen) and metabolism, contributing to a distinct thermal signature characterizing the early and late phases of the infection.

An Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization based on the Fractional Order Darwinian method for
optimizing a Fast Fuzzy C-Means algorithm is proposed. This chapter aims at enhancing the performance
of Fast Fuzzy C-Means, both in terms of the overall solution and speed. To that end, the concept
of fractional calculus is used to control the convergence rate of particles, wherein each one of them
represents a set of cluster centers. The proposed solution, denoted as FODPSO-FFCM, is applied on
liver CT images, and compared with Fast Fuzzy C-Means and PSOFFCM, using Jaccard Index and
Dice Coefficient. The computational efficiency is achieved by using the histogram of the image intensities
during the clustering process instead of the raw image data. The experimental results based on the
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) technique and multiple pair-wise comparison show that the proposed
algorithm is fast, accurate, and less time consuming.

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