Basic Science Sector

In this work, the potential of plume imaging was investigated as a real-time monitoring technique for the control of the laser cleaning process in cultural heritage objects with emphasis on encrusted stonework. Optical pulses generated by Nd:YAG laser were used to remove a high absorbing layer of crust from the surface of a lower absorbing marble substrate. Two regimes of operation have been employed for laser cleaning test, Q-switched ns mode, and short free running ?s mode. Laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) was also employed to study the stratigraphy of the cleaned surfaces, and thus to confirm the validity of the suggested monitoring technique.

(1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-(4-methoxyl-phenyl)- amine (L1), (1H-benzimidazol-2-ylmethyl)-(4-methyl-phenyl)-amine (L2) and their Pd(II) and Pt(II) complexes have been synthesized as potential anticancer compounds and their structures were elucidated using a variety of physico-chemical techniques. Theoretical calculations invoking geometry optimization, vibrational assignments, 1H-NMR, charge distribution and molecular orbital description HOMO and LUMO were done using density functional theory. Natural bond orbital analysis (NBO) method was performed to provide details about the type of hybridization and the nature of bonding in the studied complexes. Strong coordination bonds (LP(1)N11??*(M-Cl22)) and (LP(1)N21? ?*(M-Cl23)) (M = Pd or Pt) result from donation of electron density from a lone pair orbital on the nitrogen atoms to the acceptor metal molecular orbitals. The experimental results and the calculated molecular parameters revealed square-planar geometries around the metallic centre through the pyridine-type nitrogen of the benzimidazole ring and secondary amino group and two chlorine atoms. The activation thermodynamic parameters were calculated using non-isothermal methods. The synthesized ligands, in comparison to their metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity. In addition, the studied complexes showed activity against three cell lines of different origin, breast cancer (MCF-7), Colon carcinoma (HCT) and human heptacellular carcinoma (Hep-G2) comparable to cis-platin.

The hydrolysis of amino acid ester is promoted by the palladium(II) complex [Pd(Pic)]2+ (Pic = 2-picolylamine). The reaction has been studied by pH-stat technique. The overall PdII chelate promoted hydrolysis of the amino acid esters as glycine and alanine ethyl esters may be accounted by inter- and intramolecular mechanisms. The kinetic data for histidine and methionine methyl esters are fitted assuming that hydrolysis proceeds by intermolecular mechanism only. The rate enhanecement compared with the free ester is discussed in terms of the structure of the complex. Activation parameters associated with the hydrolysis have been determined and discussed.

Fractional order partial differential equations are generalizations of classical partial differential equations. Increasingly, these models are used in applications in such as fluid flow, finance and others. This paper studies analytically a viscoelastic motion, which can be described by a fractionaldifferential equation. The parameter expansion method is adopted, and the result shows that oneiteration is sufficient to obtain a highly accurate solution, which is valid for the whole solutiondomain. The effect of fractional order on the amplitude-frequency behavior of the oscillator is alsoanalysed.

NixMn0.8?xMg0.2Fe2O4; 0.1 ? x ? 0.35 was prepared by standard ceramic technique at sintering temperature 1200 oC using heating / cooling rate 4 ?C/min. The samples were irradiated by Nd YAG pulsed laser with energy of the pulse 250 mJ. X-ray diffractograms reveal cubic spinel structure for all the samples before and after laser irradiation. After laser irradiation, better crystallinity was obtained in a form of an increase in the calculated crystal size. This increase was discussed as due to the change in the valence of some ions like Fe3+, Ni2+ and Mn2+. The conductivity of all the investigated samples decreases after laser irradiation and becomes temperature independent for a wider range than that before irradiation. Accordingly, these ferrites are recommended to be useful in electronic devices.

Bovine milk samples were collected from cases of clinical and sub-clinical mastitis, respectively andexamined bacteriologically and by simplex and multiplex PCR assays for detection of Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli and Streptococcus agalactiae. Escherichia coli was the most common bacteria detected inthe collected samples from clinical mastitis cases followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcusagalactiae; while Staphylococcus aureus was the most common bacteria followed by Escherichia coli andStreptococcus agalactiae in samples collected from sub-clinical mastitis cases. Compared with the culturalmethod, the simplex and multiplex PCR assays are less time consuming. It took less than 24 hours to becompleted, while identification of bacteria to the species levels by conventional microbiological and biochemical

This chapter focuses mainly on the synthesis and analysis of peroxy-compound based on carboxylic group (?COOH) of citric acid (CA) named peroxycitric acid (PCA) that has been recognized as a hygienic disinfectant and food preservative.

Banded iron formation (BIF) is exposed among the Precambrian rocks in the Wadi Karim and Um Anab areas in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. The BIF conformably alternates with Neoproterozoic arc metavolcanic rocks, which comprise metabasalts and mafic to intermediate metapyroclastic rocks. The BIF of Wadi Karim belongs to the oxide and mixed carbonate-oxide facies, while that ofUmAnab belongs to the oxide facies only. Iron bands are generally composed of iron-rich mesobands rhythmically alternating with jasper, chert or carbonate mesobands as in the Wadi Karim area, or chert mesobands as in the Um Anab area. The BIF of Wadi Karim is composed essentially of magnetite, hematite and microcrystalline quartz, in addition to ankerite in the carbonate-bearing bands, while that ofUmAnab is composed of magnetite and microcrystalline quartz.

Florfenicol has been approved in the European Union for use in cattle and pigs as an injectable solution for treatment of respiratory diseases in cattle through injection .But now, it was introduced in some countries as an oral solution for the treatment of several poultry diseases. The aim of the present study is to describe the Pharmacokinetics of florfenicol (water soluble formulation)in broiler chickens after either a single intravenous and oral administration (by a dose of 30 mg/kg-1 body weight). Meanwhile, comparing its disposition in control healthy and Pasteurella-infected broilers. Following the IV administration of the drug in healthy and diseased birds, the drug plasma concentration declined in a biphasic pattern. The maximum plasma concentration of florfenicol in control healthy and diseased was reached one hour after its oral administration. But the peak level detected in control broilers was higher than that detected in infected birds. Conclusion: Data of the present study showed that volume of distribution, total body clearance in infected birds were higher than that determined in healthy ones. On the other hands, systemic bioavailability were significantly lower (F %,55.6 %) in diseased broiler compared to values determined in healthy ones (F % ,71.5).

The Pharmacokinetic aspects of flunixin (FL) administered alone and in combination with enrofloxacin (EN), were studied in clinically healthy calves. The experiments were performed on two groups: FL alone {2.2 mg/kg, intramuscular (IM)}, and combination of FL (2.2 mg/kg, IM) and EN {2.5 mg/kg, IM}. Plasma concentrations of FL were determined using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method. Moreover, the effects of FL alone or in combination on liver and kidney functions were also assessed. Flunixin was rapidly absorbed intramuscularly with a half-life of absorption (t1/2ab) of 0.094 h and the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 1.27 g/mL was attained after 0.49 h (Tmax).

Florfenicol was administered intravenously and intramuscularly at a dose rate of 20 g/kg bwt to determine itsconcentration in blood and bronchial secretions as well as kineticbehavior in healthy and diseased calves. Severacute bronchopneumonia was induced via inoculating the animals with Pasteurellamultocida. Following intravenous(i.v) administration, the serum concentration - time curve indicated a two compartment open model with a meanelimination half-lives (t1/2?) of 4.10 and 4.84 h in healthy and infected calves, respectively. The mean volumes ofdistribution at steady state (Vdss) were 0.68 and 0.63 L/kg and the total body clearances (Cltot) were 0.15 and0.11 L/kg/h with mean residence time (MRT) of 0.05 and 0.05 h, respectively. Florfenicol was slowly eliminatedfrom serum and bronchial secretions with elimination half-lives (t1/2el) of (12.43 and 17.23 h) and (13.74 and 22.46h), respectively, following intramuscular (i.m.) injection. The peak concentrations (Cmax) in serum and bronchialsecretions were (3.70 and 4.06 ?g/ml) and (6.88 and 7.62 ?g/ml) attained at (3.07 and 3.01 h) and (1.54 and 1.70h), respectively. The drug is extensively distributed to bronchial secretions with AUCbronchial secretion / AUCserum ratio of 1:2.53 and 1: 2.03, respectively. The clinical and hematological parameters in calves treated intramuscularly returnedto normal faster than those treated intravenously. These results suggest that i.m. injection of florfenicol could be usedfor treatment of acute P. multocidabronchopneumonia in calves.

It is very important to improve the efficiency of water detoxification techniques. In this study, TiO2 or gold-TiO2 (Au/TiO2) nanocomposite-bound polythene beads were used for the photo-oxidation of rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a model of water organic pollutants. Simple thermal procedures were employed for anchoring TiO2 or Au/TiO2 nanocomposites to polythene beads. The results revealed that the synthesized Au/TiO2 composites exhibited both considerably higher absorption capability of organic pollutants and better photocatalytic activity for the photo-oxidation of R-6G than pure titania. The better photocatalytic activity of the synthesized Au/TiO2 composites film than that of the pure titania film was attributed to high capacity of light absorption intensity and easy diffusion of absorbed pollutants on the absorption sites to photogenerated oxidizing radicals on the photoactive sites.

Phytoremediation is increasingly receiving attention as a cost effective technique that uses plants to remediate contaminants from wastewater, soil and sediments. In this study, the ability of Typha domingensis to uptake heavy metals as well as its potential application for phytoremediation was assessed. Pollutant elements concentrations were measured in samples of wastewater, sediments and Typha domingensis collected from industrial wastewater ponds, El-Sadat city, Egypt. This study specifically focused on the capacity of Typha domingensis to absorb and accumulate aluminum, iron, zinc and lead. Results indicated thatTypha domingensis was capable of accumulating the heavy metal ions preferentially from wastewater than from sediments. The accumulation of metals in plant organs attained the highest values in roots, rhizomes and old leaves. Rhizofiltration was found to be the best mechanism to explain Typha domingensis phytoremediation capability.

Information on the urban flora and vegetation in the industrial new cities in Egypt are insufficient and far from complete. For this reason, this study was undertaken as the first attempt to fill this gap of knowledge.

A novel biosensor using poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) modified Pt electrode was developed for selective determination of dopamine (DA) in presence of high concentrations of ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA) with a maximum molar ratio of 1/1000, and 1/100 in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). SDS forms a monolayer on PEDOT surface with a high density of negatively charged end directed outside the electrode. The electrochemical response of dopamine was improved by SDS due to the enhanced accumulation of protonated dopamine via electrostatic interactions. The common overlapped oxidation peaks of AA, UA and DA can be resolved by using SDS as the DA current

Poly 1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone, PAAQ, films were prepared by the electropolymerization of 1-amino-9,10-anthraquinone, AAQ, on platinum substrates. The polymerization process was carried out in both nonaqueous (Acetonitrile containing 0.1 mole L-1 LiClO4 as supporting electrolyte) or aqueous (6.0 mol L-1 H2SO4) media. The electropolymerization process is fast and economic. The prepared films are stable and have been used as sensors for the electroanalytical determination of p-aminophenol, ascorbic acid, dopamine, hydroquinone, catechol, pyrogallol, cerium chloride and epinephrine. The determination is based on the cyclovoltammogramic method. The cyclic voltammetry was always carried out under the same conditions, where a scan rate of 100 mV s-1 in the specified potential range for each electrolyte at room temperature were used. A range of concentration between 0.01 to 1.0x10-4 mol L-1 analyte was perfectly determined. The determination process is based on the oxidation peak currents of the analyte in the cyclic voltammogram obtained by the PAAQ modified electrode. A calibration curve was drawn for each analyte from which any unknown concentration in the specified range of measurements could be accurately obtained from the value of the peak current.

Polythiophene have been considered as a model for the study of charge transport in conducting polymers and the high environmental stability of both their doped and undoped states, together with their structural versatility, have led to development for several applications such as batteries, fuel cells, corrosion protection or chemical sensing. The electrosynthesis of polythiophene films from thiophene

Engineered landfill liner systems are expensive to install and represent a challenge to several developing countries. Alternatively, native soils, preferentially clays, can be used as cost-effective bottom liners.The purpose of this work is to justify the reliance on the ability of the clays at the Kharga-Dakhla land stretch, Western Desert, Egypt, to act as a containment and barrier for pollutants that might be generated in a landfill leachate.