Type I diabetes mellitus or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood results from the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors act together to precipitate the onset of the disease. This study Aimed at assessing knowledge and practices of juvenile diabetes' caregivers at home who attending pediatric out patient clinic, Minia University Hospital, Egypt. This study was utilized the descriptive design. Tools were developed by the investigators and distributed to all caregivers attending pediatric out patient clinic at Minia university Hospital. Within six months. The sample was (100) caregivers. This study revealed that more than one third of family caregivers (38%) have poor level of knowledge (< 50%) about type1 diabetes, while more than two thirds of the caregivers (70%) were poor in care given to their children. There were highly statistical significant differences between total knowledge and level of education, residence, occupation, and income respectively and there were highly statistical significant differences between attending workshop about DM and knowledge and practices of caregivers. this study concluded that family caregivers with high level of education, high income, from urban area and attending workshops about the disease having good knowledge and practice which affect positively on expected complications and health and wellness of their children and family caregivers having good awareness, enough information and continue training about type1 diabetes mellitus will show better dealing with emergency situation , practice related to disease and this will decrease complications and increase participation of children in society as a healthy members. It is recommended to establish and implement a health educational program to improve diabetic caregiver’s knowledge and practice regarding all aspects of diabetes self care and proper management.

Type I diabetes mellitus or insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood results from the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. Genetic, metabolic, and environmental factors act together to precipitate the onset of the disease. This study Aimed at assessing knowledge and practices of juvenile diabetes' caregivers at home who attending pediatric out patient clinic, Minia University Hospital, Egypt. This study was utilized the descriptive design. Tools were developed by the investigators and distributed to all caregivers attending pediatric out patient clinic at Minia university Hospital. Within six months. The sample was (100) caregivers. This study revealed that more than one third of family caregivers (38%) have poor level of knowledge (< 50%) about type1 diabetes, while more than two thirds of the caregivers (70%) were poor in care given to their children. There were highly statistical significant differences between total knowledge and level of education, residence, occupation, and income respectively and there were highly statistical significant differences between attending workshop about DM and knowledge and practices of caregivers. this study concluded that family caregivers with high level of education, high income, from urban area and attending workshops about the disease having good knowledge and practice which affect positively on expected complications and health and wellness of their children and family caregivers having good awareness, enough information and continue training about type1 diabetes mellitus will show better dealing with emergency situation , practice related to disease and this will decrease complications and increase participation of children in society as a healthy members. It is recommended to establish and implement a health educational program to improve diabetic caregiver’s knowledge and practice regarding all aspects of diabetes self care and proper management.

It was claimed in a recent publication that a strain of Halomonadacea bacteria (GFAJ-1) isolated from the arsenic-rich waters of Mono Lake, California is able to substitute arsenic for phosphorus in its macromolecules and small molecule metabolites. In this short Perspective, we consider chemical and biochemical issues surrounding the central claim that Halomonadacea GFAJ-1 is able to survive while incorporating kinetically labile arsenodiester linkages into the backbone of its DNA. Chemical precedents suggest that arsenodiester linkages in the putative arsenic-containing DNA of GFAJ-1 would undergo very rapid hydrolytic cleavage in water at 25 °C with an estimated half-life of 0.06 s. In contrast, the phosphodiester linkages of native DNA undergo spontaneous hydrolysis with a half-life of approximately 30,000,000 y at 25 °C. Overcoming such dramatic kinetic instability in its genetic material would present serious challenges to Halomonadacea GFAJ-1.