The size of the Magnetosphere is calculated during the period 1996-2011. It is discovered that the magnetopause distance D is quantized for D ≥ 8 RE. The magnetic levels are narrow towards the Earth but widely spaced outwards. This quantization disappears in the lower magnetosphere below 7 RE. Once the magnetopause is compressed to 8 -7 RE, multi doors get open which we call the Yousef doors, and the solar wind is injected into the inner magnetosphere then to the ionosphere inducing SID and to the troposphere were it can cause flash floods and seeds of hurricanes.

UNLABELLED: Snake bites represent a serious public health problem, particularly in rural areas worldwide. Antitoxic sera preparations are antibodies from immunized animals and are considered to be the only treatment option. The purification of antivenom antibodies should aim at obtaining products of consistent quality, safety, efficacy, and adherence to good manufacturing practice principles. Endotoxins are an integral component of the outer cell surface of Gram-negative bacteria. They are common contaminates of the raw materials and processing equipment used in the manufacturing of antivenoms. In this work, and as a part of quality control testing, we establish and examine an environmental monitoring program for identification of potential sources of endotoxin-producing Gram-negative bacteria throughout the whole steps of antivenom preparation. In addition, we follow all the steps of preparation starting from crude plasma till finished product using a validated sterility and endotoxin testing.Samples from air, surface, and personnel were collected and examined through various stages of manufacturing for the potential presence of Gram-negative bacteria. A validated sterility and endotoxin test was carried out in parallel at the different production steps. The results showed that air contributed to the majority of bacterial isolates detected (48.43%), followed by surfaces (37.5%) and then personnel (14%). The most common bacterial isolates detected were Achromobacter xylosoxidans, Ochrobactrum anthropi, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which together with Burkholderia cepacia were both also detected in cleaning water and certain equipment parts. A heavy bacterial growth with no fungal contamination was observed in all stages of antivenom manufacturing excluding the formulation stage. All samples were positive for endotoxin including the finished product.Implementation and continued evaluation of quality assurance and quality improvement programs in aseptic preparation is essential in ensuring the safety and quality of these products.

LAY ABSTRACT: Antitoxic sera preparations are the only treatment option for snake bites worldwide. They are prepared by immunizing animals, usually horses, with snake venom and collecting horse plasma, which is then subjected to several purification steps in order to finally prepare the purified immunoglobulins. Components of the bacterial cell wall known as endotoxins can constitute a potential hazardous contamination known as pyrogen in antisera, which can lead to fever and many other adverse reactions to the person subjected to it.In this work, we monitored the environment associated with the different steps of production and purification of snake antivenom prepared from immunized horses. We examined the air quality, surface, and personnel for possible sources of contamination, particularly the presence of Gram-negative bacteria, which is the major source of endotoxin presence. We also monitored all stages of preparation by sterility and endotoxin testing. Our results showed that air contributed to the majority of bacterial isolates. Sterility testing revealed the presence of bacterial contamination in all the intermediate steps, as only the final preparation after filtration was sterile. Endotoxin was present in all tested samples and the final product. Good manufacturing practice procedures are essential in any facility involved in antisera production.

Due to very fast growth of information in the last few decades, getting precise information in real time is becoming increasingly difficult. Search engines such as Google and Yahoo are helping in finding the information but the information provided by them are in the form of documents which consumes a lot of time of the user. Question Answering Systems have emerged as a good alternative to search engines where they produce the desired information in a very precise way in the real time. This saves a lot of time for the user. There has been a lot of research in the field of English and some European language Question Answering Systems. However, Arabic Question Answering Systems could not match the pace due to some inherent difficulties with the language itself as well as due to lack of tools available to assist the researchers. Question classification is a very important module of Question Answering Systems. In this paper, we are presenting a method to accurately classify the Arabic questions in order to retrieve precise answers. The proposed method gives promising results.