Pt electrodes, modified by partial electrodeposited tin, were used as anodes for the catalytic electrooxidation of methanol in acid medium. Sn was electrodeposited galvanostatically and potentiostatically. Cyclic voltammetry was used to study the methanol electrooxidation. Pt modified with Sn proved superior to pure platinum as shown from the methanol peak current densities. Sn also improved the performance regarding the stability of the anode over repeated cycles. It was found that electrodeposited Sn facilitates the oxidation of intermediate poison products through a mixed homogeneous–heterogeneous catalytic mechanism.

An association between human papilloma virus (HPV) and bladder cancer has been reported. However, the role of HPV in bilharzial bladder cancer and its prevalence are not yet clarified. We investigated 50 cases for HPV types 16/18 by in situ hybridization (ISH). Also, p53 protein expression by immunohistochemistry was evaluated in 41 of these 50 cases, with correlation of these factors to clinicopathologic parameters and tumor relapse after primary treatment. HPV was detected in 46% of Egyptian bladder carcinomas (23/50 cases). Positivity was 47.8% for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 36.4% for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). There was a possible viral- bilharzial association as 52.8% of bilharzial cases, while only 12.5% of non bilharzial cases were HPV positive (p<0.05). P53 protein was found in 19/41cases (46.3%). Concordance between HPV and p53 was present in 58.5% of cases. Both factors studied were not related to tumor recurrence after primary treatment. So, HPV may be implicated in the aetiology of bilharzial bladder cancer, however a definite causal relationship remains unsolved. HPV together with p53 alterations might work in synergy to accelerate the carcinogenic process, as there was concordance in the results of both parameters in 24/41 cases (58.5%).

An association between human papilloma virus (HPV) and bladder cancer has been reported. However, the role of HPV in bilharzial bladder cancer and its prevalence are not yet clarified. We investigated 50 cases for HPV types 16/18 by in situ hybridization (ISH). Also, p53 protein expression by immunohistochemistry was evaluated in 41 of these 50 cases, with correlation of these factors to clinicopathologic parameters and tumor relapse after primary treatment. HPV was detected in 46% of Egyptian bladder carcinomas (23/50 cases). Positivity was 47.8% for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and 36.4% for transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). There was a possible viral- bilharzial association as 52.8% of bilharzial cases, while only 12.5% of non bilharzial cases were HPV positive (p<0.05). P53 protein was found in 19/41cases (46.3%). Concordance between HPV and p53 was present in 58.5% of cases. Both factors studied were not related to tumor recurrence after primary treatment. So, HPV may be implicated in the aetiology of bilharzial bladder cancer, however a definite causal relationship remains unsolved. HPV together with p53 alterations might work in synergy to accelerate the carcinogenic process, as there was concordance in the results of both parameters in 24/41 cases (58.5%).