This study presents the determination of Alcaftadine (ALF) in its oxidative degradation product presence by applying comprehensive study comparative of four different green stability indicating spectrophotometric approaches through successful exploitation of different spectrophotometric platform windows. Window I; based on absorption spectrum zero order data manipulation using the newly developed extended absorbance difference (EAD). Window II; based on derivative spectra by second order derivative (D) data manipulation. Window III; based on ratio spectra applying constant multiplication (CM) and absorptivity centering via factorized ratio difference spectrum (ACT-FSR) methods data manipulation. Finally, window IV; based on derivative of ratio spectrum by virtue of first derivative of ratio spectral (DD) method data manipulation. Calibration curves construction were over linearity range; 1.0-14.0 µg/mL for ALF. The proposed methods accuracy, precision, and linearity range were determined and validated as per ICH guidelines. Moreover, they were able to analyze ALF in raw form, dosage form and in existence of its oxidative degradation product. Statistical comparisons were done between the proposed methods and the reported one showing no significant difference concerning accuracy and precision. Furthermore, greenness profile assessment was accomplished by means of four metric tools; namely: analytical greenness (AGREE), green analytical procedure index (GAPI), analytical eco-scale, and national environmental method index (NEMI).

Spermine (SPM) and salicylic acid (SA) are plant growth regulators, eliciting specific responses against salt toxicity. In this study, the potential role of 30 mgL SPM and/or 100 mgL SA in preventing salt damage was investigated. Wheat plants were grown under non-saline or saline conditions (6.0 and 12.0 dS m) with and without SA and/or SPM foliar applications. Exogenously applied SA and/or SPM alleviated the inhibition of plant growth and productivity under saline conditions by increasing Calvin cycle enzyme activity. Foliage applications also improved ascorbate peroxidase, monodehydroascorbate reductase, dehydroascorbate reductase, and glutathione reductase activities, which effectively scavenged hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radicals in stressed plants. Furthermore, foliar treatments increased antioxidants such as ascorbate and glutathione, which effectively detoxified reactive oxygen species (ROS). Exogenous applications also increased N, P, and K acquisition, roots' ATP content, and H-pump activity, accompanied by significantly lower Na accumulation in stressed plants. Under saline environments, exogenous SA and/or SPM applications raised endogenous SA and SPM levels. Co-application of SA and SPM gave the best response. The newly discovered data suggest that the increased activities of Calvin cycle enzymes, root H-pump, and antioxidant defense machinery in treated plants are a mechanism for salt tolerance. Therefore, combining the use of SA and SPM can be a superior method for reducing salt toxicity in sustainable agricultural systems.