Yehia Badr

Abstract The ChahJam–Biarjmand complex (CJBC), flanked by the Alborz Mountains in the north and the Lut–Tabas block to the south, is part of Central Iranian block, where the oldest continental crust of Iran is found. This complex contains granitic to tonalitic orthogneissic rocks (old plutons) and associated metasediments, amphibolites and paragneisses. Metamorphosed granitic and granodioritic dikes intrude orthogneisses as well as metasediments and are abundant close to the plutons (orthogneissic rocks). Based on the results of bulk rock trace and rare earth elements, the orthogneissic rocks are inferred to have crystallized from subduction-related melts. Amphibolites also have subduction-related signatures and are inferred to have formed both as metamorphosed volcanoclastic sediments and as attenuated basic dikes. The presence of para-amphibolites associated with paragneisses and metasediments (mica schists) could represent a sedimentary basin filled with magmatic arc erosional products. U–Pb zircon dating of the ChahJam–Biarjmand rocks yielded 238U/206Pb crystallization ages of ca. 550 to 530 Ma (Ediacaran–early Cambrian). Sr–Nd isotope systematics on whole rocks (εNd(t) = − 2.2 to − 5.5) and zircon Hf isotope results indicate that \{CJBC\} Cadomian granitic rocks contain older, possible Mesoproterozoic, continental crust in their source. The ChahJam–Biarjmand granitic–tonalitic gneissic rocks are coeval with other similar-aged metagranites and gneisses within Iranian basement exposed in Central Iran, the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone and the Alborz Mountains, as well as in the Tauride–Anatolide platform in western Anatolia and in \{NW\} Turkey. All these dispersed Cadomian basement rocks are interpreted to show fragments of Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian continental arcs bordering the northern active margin of Gondwana.

Abstract The ChahJam–Biarjmand complex (CJBC), flanked by the Alborz Mountains in the north and the Lut–Tabas block to the south, is part of Central Iranian block, where the oldest continental crust of Iran is found. This complex contains granitic to tonalitic orthogneissic rocks (old plutons) and associated metasediments, amphibolites and paragneisses. Metamorphosed granitic and granodioritic dikes intrude orthogneisses as well as metasediments and are abundant close to the plutons (orthogneissic rocks). Based on the results of bulk rock trace and rare earth elements, the orthogneissic rocks are inferred to have crystallized from subduction-related melts. Amphibolites also have subduction-related signatures and are inferred to have formed both as metamorphosed volcanoclastic sediments and as attenuated basic dikes. The presence of para-amphibolites associated with paragneisses and metasediments (mica schists) could represent a sedimentary basin filled with magmatic arc erosional products. U–Pb zircon dating of the ChahJam–Biarjmand rocks yielded 238U/206Pb crystallization ages of ca. 550 to 530 Ma (Ediacaran–early Cambrian). Sr–Nd isotope systematics on whole rocks (εNd(t) = − 2.2 to − 5.5) and zircon Hf isotope results indicate that \{CJBC\} Cadomian granitic rocks contain older, possible Mesoproterozoic, continental crust in their source. The ChahJam–Biarjmand granitic–tonalitic gneissic rocks are coeval with other similar-aged metagranites and gneisses within Iranian basement exposed in Central Iran, the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone and the Alborz Mountains, as well as in the Tauride–Anatolide platform in western Anatolia and in \{NW\} Turkey. All these dispersed Cadomian basement rocks are interpreted to show fragments of Neoproterozoic–early Cambrian continental arcs bordering the northern active margin of Gondwana.

Abstract Felsic magmatism associated with ocean–ocean and ocean–continent subduction processes provide important evidence for distinct episodes of crust-generation and continental lithospheric evolution. Rhyolites constitute an integral component of the tholeiitic to calc-alkaline basalt–andesite–dacite–rhyolite (BADR) association and contribute to crustal growth processes at convergent plate margins. The evolution of the Dharwar Craton of southern peninsular India during Meso- to Neoarchean times was marked by extensive development of greenstone belts. These granite-greenstone terranes have distinct volcano-sedimentary associations consistent with their geodynamic setting. The present study deals with geochemistry of rhyolites from the Chitradurga-Shimoga greenstone belts of western (WDC) and the Gadwal-Kadiri greenstone belts of eastern (EDC) sectors of Dharwar Craton to compare and evaluate their petrogenesis and geodynamic setting and their control on the continental lithospheric evolution of the Dharwar Craton. At a similar range of SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, the rhyolites of \{WDC\} are more potassic, whereas the \{EDC\} rhyolites are more sodic and less magnesian with slight increase in TiO2. Minor increase in MgO content of \{WDC\} rhyolites reflects their ferromagnesian trace elements which are comparatively lower in the rhyolites of EDC. The relative enrichment in \{LILE\} (K, Rb) and depletion in \{HFSE\} (Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf) marked by negative Nb–Ta, Zr–Hf and Ti anomalies endorse the convergent margin processes for the generation of rhyolites of both the sectors of Dharwar Craton. The high silica potassic rhyolites of Shimoga and Chitradurga greenstone belts of \{WDC\} showing prominent negative Eu and Ti anomalies, flat \{HREE\} patterns correspond to Type 3 rhyolites and clearly point towards their generation and emplacement in an active continental margin environment. The geochemical characteristics of Gadwal and Kadiri rhyolites from eastern Dharwar Craton marked by aluminous compositions with low and fractionated \{HREE\} patterns and minor negative Eu anomalies are in conformity with Type 1 rhyolites and suggest that they were erupted in an intraoceanic island arc system. The overall geochemical systematics of the rhyolites from both the sectors of Dharwar Craton suggest a change in the geodynamic conditions from intraoceanic island arc of eastern Dharwar Craton and an active continental margin of western Dharwar marked by ocean–ocean subduction and migration of oceanic arc towards a continent followed by arc-continent collision that contributed for the evolution of continental lithosphere in the Dharwar Craton.

Abstract This report describes a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-thymol/nitroprusside delivery composite sensor for direct monitoring of ammonium in environmental water samples. The sensor is based on a \{PDMS\} support that contains the Berthelot's reaction reagents. To prepare the PDMS–thymol/nitroprusside composite discs, thymol and nitroprusside have been encapsulated in the \{PDMS\} matrix, forming a reagent release support which significantly simplifies the analytical measurements, since it avoids the need to prepare derivatizing reagents and sample handling is reduced to the sampling step. When, the PDMS–thymol/nitroprusside composite was introduced in water samples spontaneous release of the chromophore and catalyst was produced, and the derivatization reaction took place to form the indothymol blue. Thus, qualitative analysis of NH4+ could be carried out by visual inspection, but also, it can be quantified by measuring the absorbance at 690 nm. These portable devices provided good sensitivity (LOD < 0.4 mg L− 1) and reproducibility (RSD < 10%) for the rapid detection of ammonium. The PDMS–NH4+ sensor has been successfully applied to determine ammonium in water samples and in the aqueous extracts of particulate matter \{PM10\} samples. Moreover, the reliability of the method for qualitative analysis has been demonstrated. Finally, the advantages of the PDMS–NH4+ sensor have been examined by comparing some analytical and complementary characteristics with the properties of well-established ammonium determination methods.

Abstract Five signal processing techniques were applied to ratio spectra for quantitative determination of bisoprolol (BIS) and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT) in their binary mixture. The proposed techniques are Numerical Differentiation of Ratio Spectra (ND-RS), Savitsky–Golay of Ratio Spectra (SG-RS), Continuous Wavelet Transform of Ratio Spectra (CWT-RS), Mean Centering of Ratio Spectra (MC-RS) and Discrete Fourier Transform of Ratio Spectra (DFT-RS). The linearity of the proposed methods was investigated in the range of 2–40 and 1–22 μg/mL for \{BIS\} and HCT, respectively. The proposed methods were applied successfully for the determination of the drugs in laboratory prepared mixtures and in commercial pharmaceutical preparations and standard deviation was less than 1.5. The five signal processing techniques were compared to each other and validated according to the İCH\} guidelines and accuracy, precision, repeatability and robustness were found to be within the acceptable limit.