Flow curve determination and uses – Study of forming processes: fine blanking and contour forming, deep drawing, drawing of wires, drawing of bars and tubes, extrusion and rolling- The study includes: affecting factors, force estimation , energy required for forming, heat treatment and surface treatment of the products, engineering of the used tools, product defects and its probable causes – Forming machines – Study of: mechanical presses, hydraulic presses and hammers – The study includes: Effect of stiffness on machine performance, nominal forces and available energies, ram displace