Basic Science Sector

Animal housing is a major source of gaseous emissions, such as ammonia (NH3), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and carbon dioxide (CO2). Ammonia is an atmospheric pollutant and responsible for eutrophication and soil acidification, while CO2, CH4, and N2O are greenhouse gases (GHG) that contribute to global warming. The quantification of gaseous emissions from livestock buildings with natural ventilation systems is a particularly difficult task and is associated with uncertainties that are largely unknown. One key issue is to measure the ventilation rate and then to quantify the gaseous emissions. Therefore, in this study, the ventilation rate was determined by three different methods simultaneously. Field experiments were carried out to study the ventilation rate in a naturally ventilated dairy barn located in northern Germany during the summer seasons from 2006 to 2010. The air exchange rates (AER) as well as the ventilation rates were determined by the decay of the radioactive tracer krypton-85, the carbon dioxide (CO2) balance, which was used as the reference method in this study, and the combined effects of wind pressure and temperature difference forces (WT method). Subsequently, the results were compared with each other by carrying out Pearson correlation analysis and developing a regression model.

We are interested in rainfall events prediction by applying rule-based reasoning and fuzzy logic. Five parameters: relative humidity, total cloud cover, wind direction, temperature and surface pressure are the input variables for our model, each has three membership functions. The data used is twenty years METAR data for Cairo airport station (HECA) [1972–1992] 30° 3′ 29″ N, 31° 13′ 44″ E. and five years METAR data for Mersa Matruh station (HEMM) 31° 20′ 0″ N, 27° 13′ 0″ E. Different models for each station were constructed depending on the available data sets. Among the overall 243 possibilities we have based our models on one hundred eighteen fuzzy IF–THEN rules and fuzzy reasoning. The output variable which has four membership functions, takes values from zero to one hundred corresponding to the percentage for rainfall events given for every hourly data. We used two skill scores to verify our results, the Brier score and the Friction score. The results are in high agreements with the recorded data for the stations with increasing in output values towards the real time rain events. All implementation are done with MATLAB 7.9.

Labile-barleys (Hordeumvulgare L. convar. labile (Schiem.) Mansf.) Are found in the highlands of Ethiopia, Eretria and North India-Pakistan districts. They represent a distinct spike form showing row-type alterations even within individual spikes of the same genotypes. Variation at the six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus is sufficient to control barley lateral spikelet fertility, which is also modified by alleles at the intermedium-c (int-c) locus. This study aimed at re-sequencing these two loci to investigate whether labile-barleys have a two-rowed genetic background, resulting in increased lateral spikelet fertility, or show reduced lateral fertility if they possess a six-rowed genetic background. The Vrs1 re-sequencing results of 221 supposedly labile-barley accessions from Ethiopia revealed 13 accessions with two novel vrs1.a1 haplotypes. Following the current nomenclature of vrs1 haplotypes, the new haplotypes were named as haplotypes 66 and 67. Re-sequencing at the int-c locus showed that 118 of the labile-barleys possessed the previously described Int-c.a allele but only one accession was found having a novel Int-c.a haplotype in the homozygous state (termed Int-c.a haplotype1; Hap_1). Interestingly, 101 labile-barleys carried the Int-c.a allele and Int-c.a haplotype1 simultaneously, suggesting maintained heterozygosity or recent gene duplication at this locus. Only one accession had a two-rowed haplotype (Vrs1.b3, int-c.b1) and one accession possessed the Vrs1.t (deficiens) and Int-c.a alleles (six-rowed). These two accessions were considered as misclassified labile genotypes and not included in further analysis. Thus, these results confirmed that all of the 219 labile accessions studied in this work showed six-rowed alleles at vrs1 but reduced lateral spikelet fertility. This reduction is most likely caused by the recessive labile (lab) locus which we are in the process to characterize further.

The reaction of phenylhydrazoethyl acetoacetate (1) with cyanoacetyl hydrazine (2) in an oil bath in the presence of ammonium acetate gave the pyridazine derivative 4. However, carrying the same reaction but in ethanolic/Et3N gave the pyrazole derivative 5. Compounds 4 and 5 were used in a series of heterocyclization reactions to afford products that showed anti-tumor activities towards three cell lines namely, breast adenocarcinoma (MCF-7), non-small cell lung cancer (NCI-H460) and CNS cancer (SF-268).

2,3?Dihydro?1,3,4?thiadiazoles, triazolino[4,3?a]pyrimidines, isoxazoles and isoxazolo[3,4? d]pyridazines containing coumarin moities were synthesized from the reactions of methyl(or benzyl) carbodithioate, pyrimidine?2?thione and 3?(3?(dimethylamino)acryloyl)?2H?chromen?2?one derivatives with C?coumarinoyl?N?phenylhydrazonoyl bromide. The structures of all the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analyses and spectral data.

Several new visnaginone ethers were prepared and their thiosemicarbazone derivatives are synthesized. The behavior of the thiosemicarbazones in methanolic sodium methoxide and hydrochloric acid is discussed. Structures were established on the bases of elemental and spectral data studies. Some of the thiosemicarbazones were tested for their antimicrobial activity. The structures of the synthesized derivatives (5a-g,6a-g) were confirmed by means of IR, 1H NMR, MS and elemental analyses. The synthesized derivatives (5a-g,6a-g) were subjected to the Microbiology Division, Microanalytical Center, Cairo University, (5a-g,6a-g) showed a variable degree of antimicrobial activity.

The reaction of 1-methylisoquinoline 1 with hydrazonoyl halides 2 in ethanol in the presence of chitosan under microwave irradiation affords triazoloisoquinoline 4. Product 4 reacts with dimethylformamide-dimethylacetal to give enaminones 7 which react with hydrazonoyl halides to give pyrazolyl triazoloisoquinoline 13. Also, 1-methylisoquinoline 1 reacts with arylisothiocyanate to give thioanilide 15 which reacts with hydrazonoyl halides to give the corresponding thiadiazolyl isoquinoline derivatives 20, 24.

The coupling reaction of 3-cyanoacetyl-2-methylindole 1a with the aromatic diazonium salts gave the corresponding arylhydrazones 2a-e. Compounds 2 were used for synthesis of 4-aminopyrazole-5-carbonitrile 4a-e and 5-amino-4-arylazo-3-pyrazoles 5a-e derivatives. Also, treatment of 3-cyanoacetyl-2-phenylindole 1b with phenyl isothiocyanate gave the corresponding thioacetanilide 7. The later compound 7 was utilized as the key intermediate for the synthesis of some new thiadiazole derivatives 9a-r. The structures of all new compounds were elucidated on the basis of elemental analysis and spectral data.

The condensation of a-keto ?-formylarylhydrazones with ethyl cyanoacetate afforded ethyl 5-arylazo-2- hydroxy-6-aryl (or alkyl) nicotinates. The structures of the reaction products could be established based on X-ray crystal structure determination.

The current review article represents a survey covering the literatures on azoles, azines and azepines fused to the a face of a benzimidazole moiety since 1980. Synthetic routes leading to benzimidazole fused with different ring systems; five-, six-, and seven-membered heterocyclic rings, containing one-, two- and three-heteroatoms were reported utilizing simple reactive benzimidazole synthons.

-2011

Despite the saltwater intrusion of the Gulf of Suez, a Quaternary alluvial aquifer constitutes the main source of freshwater in the coastal city of El-Tor, the administrative capital of South Sinai, Egypt.

Versatile 2?(alkylthio)pyrimidine?type and 2?(phenacylamino) thiophene building blocks (4ad) and 16 were obtained based on an ortho functionalized thiophene derivative 1.

Regioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrilimines (generated in situ from dehydrohalogenation of the corresponding hydrazonoyl halides by the action of triethylamine) with 4-arylidene-1-aryl-2-phenyl-1H-imidazol-5(4H)-one 3 afforded the corresponding spiro[4,4]nona-2,8-dien-6-one 4. The reaction was carried out in dry benzene under reflux temperature. Refluxing in acetic acid, 4a was converted to its respective N-phenylpyrazole-5-carboxamide 8. The structures of prepared compounds were established by elemental analyses and spectral data (IR, MS, 1H, and 13C NMR).

The present paper investigates the relationship between geopotential height anomalies at level of 500 hpa over North America and Europe, and the USA landfall Atlantic hurricanes activity. The decadal data of the number of hurricanes by category which stroked the mainland USA for each decade through the period (1851-2006) are used through the present study. The daily NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data composites for geopotential height at 500 hpa level over North America and Europe for the period of (1949-2006) are used too. Hurricane datasets and anomalies in geopotential height are analyzed and correlated together. The results revealed that there are significant positive correlations between the anomalies in geopotential height over North America and East Europe simultaneously, and existence of Atlantic hurricanes of category 3 that strike USA. In addition to that, significant positive correlations between the anomalies in geopotential height over North America and existence of major hurricanes (category 3, 4 and5) that landfall USA is found too. However, significant negative correlations between the anomalies in geopotential height over North Atlantic and existence of all USA Landfall Atlantic Hurricane categories are existed else category 1. In general one can conclude that anomalies in geopotential height at 500 hpa level over North America and Europe are control the USA landfall Atlantic hurricanes activity.[Yehia Hafez. Relationship Between Geopotential Height Anomalies Over North America and Europe and The USA Landfall Atlantic Hurricanes Activity.

Background: Modern medicine strives to get an efficient treatment for Nanobacteria (NB) as it highly treatment-resistant, persisters, dormant forms and biofilms containing hydroxyl apatite or carbonate.

A trace-gas sensor for carbon monoxide based on Pulsed Laser-Induced Photo-Acoustic Spectrod for the first time. PLIPAS-based sensor with different cell geometry was employed to enhance the sensitivity down to 58 ppbV level. The parametric dependence of the PLIPAS signals on CO gas concentration, buffer gas (Ar, O2 and He) concentration, laser pulse energy was studied and Ar proved to be better than O2 and He in terms of enhancing the sensitivity of the systemscopy (PLIPAS) in conjunction with laser excitation wavelength of 213 nm was designed, fabricated and teste. The signal-to-noise ratio and limit of detection have been quantified for different experimental conditions. This study proves that PLIPAS-based CO gas sensor is a reliable gas-leak detection system with high sensitivity and selectivity. Hence this sensor can be employed for pollution monitoring and detection of CO in a noisy environment.

Improvement of buffalo fertility during summer season was our goal. One hundred and sixty three buffalo-cows were examined for parasitic infection using coprological and serological methods. All animals were subjected to gynecological examination, through rectal palpation and using ultra sonic examination to detect the ovarian and genital tract condition. Thirty one non-pregnant buffalo-cows (18 healthy and 13 infected) were selected for treatment with CIDR OvSynch protocol. Blood samples were collected from animals before, during and after treatments. Serum samples were assayed for estradiol and progesterone using RIA technique. GPT,GOT, ALP, total and direct bilirubin, T. protein and glucose were measured . The percentage of infected buffaloes in the herd was 25.77% (42/163 animal), the prevalence of Fasciola Spp. infection among buffaloes was 6.75%. In Fasciola infected buffaloes, estradiol levels were decreased and progesterone concentration was increased significantly (p<0.05). Treatment with CIDR OvSynch protocol, elevated significantly both estradiol and progesterone levels in infected animals than healthy one, elevated direct bilirubin and total protein and decreased significantly ALP and glucose in infected animals. CIDR OvSynch regimen increased the pregnancy rate in both healthy (55.6%) and infected (30.8%) buffaloes. It is concluded that infection with Fasciola had adverse effects on some sex hormone and liver enzymes imbalance and animal fertility represented in decreasing response to synchronizing agents and lowering pregnancy rate.Treatment with CIDR OvSynch protocol improved buffalo fertility and resumed ovarian activity of buffaloes during summer season.

Availability of both native and applied nutrients is one of the major constrains for plants growth in sandy calcareous soils. Elementalsulfur (S0) is often applied to acidify calcareous soil which increases the availability of nutrients in soils. The present study was sought toexamine the effect of S0 combined with or without N under acidified (pH 6.5) and normal (pH >7.5) irrigation water on growth, apparentN-use efficiency (NUE) and uptake availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and manganese (Mn) by

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have found themselves useful for diagnostic, drug delivery and biomedicine applications, but one of the important concerns is about their safety in clinical applications. Nanoparticle size has been shown to be an extremely important parameter affecting the nanoparticle uptake and cellular internalization.
The rheological properties assume to be very important as it affects the pressure drop and hence the pumping power when nano-fluids are circulated in a closed loop. The rheological and dielectric properties have not been documented and identified before. The aim of the present study was to investigate the rheology and the dielectric properties of different GNPs sizes in aqueous solution.
Methods: 10, 20 and 50 nm GNPs (Product MKN-Au, CANADA) was used in this study. The rheological parameters were viscosity, torque, shear stress, shear rate, plastic viscosity, yield stress, consistency index, and activation energy. These rheological parameters were measured using Brookfield LVDV-III Programmable rheometer supplied with temperature bath and controlled by a computer.
The shear stress and shear rate of GNPs have shown a linear relationship and GNPs exhibited Newtonian behaviour. The GNPs with larger particle size (50 nm) exhibited more viscosity than those with smaller particle sizes (10 and 20 nm). Viscosity decreased with increasing the temperature for all the examined GNP sizes. The flow behaviour index (n) values were nearly ≤ 1 for all examined GNP sizes.
Dielectric data indicated that the GNPs have strong dielectric dispersion in the frequency range of 20-100 kHz. The conductivity and relaxation time decreased with increasing the GNP size. This study indicates that the GNP size has considerable influence on the viscosity of GNPs. The strong dielectric dispersion was GNP size dependent.
The decrease in relaxation time might be attributed to increase in the localized charges distribution within the medium confirmed by the conductivity data. This study suggests that further experiments are required to be done after the administration of GNPs through different routes in rats in vivo.
Keywords: Gold nanoparticles; Rheological parameters; Size; Temperature; Dielectric; Conductivity.