@article {212412,
	title = {Inhibition of GSK3β protects against collagen type II-induced arthritis associated with a decrease in synovial leukocyte infiltration and inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy biomarkers.},
	journal = {Clinical and experimental pharmacology \& physiology},
	volume = {47},
	year = {2020},
	pages = {1393-1401},
	abstract = {<p>We sought to determine whether TDZD-8, the inhibitor of the glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), can protect the synovial membrane of the knee joint against injuries induced by collagen type II immunization (CIA) possibly via the downregulation of synovial leukocyte infiltration, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and autophagy. The model group of rats (CIA) were immunized over a period of 3~weeks with collagen type II, whereas the treated group of rats (CIA~+~TDZD-8) were treated with TDZD-8 (1~mg/kg) for 21~days after the completion of the immunization regimen. All rats were then killed at week 6. Harvested synovial tissues were prepared for immunohistochemistry staining, and synovial homogenates were assayed for biomarkers of ERS, autophagy, apoptosis, and cell survival and proliferation. In addition, blood samples were assayed for biomarkers of arthritis. Synovial tissue images showed that CIA enhanced leukocyte recruitment as demonstrated by an increased CD45+ (leukocyte common antigen) immunostaining, which was markedly decreased by TDZD-8. TDZD-8 also significantly (P~\&lt;~.05) inhibited collagen-induced autophagy biomarkers Beclin-1 and LC3II, the ERS biomarkers GRP-78, IRE1-α, XBPIs, and eIF2a, and the survival protein Bcl-2. Whereas, the collagen-induced proliferative biomarkers Akt and mTOR were not inhibited by TDZD-8, and CIA inhibited the apoptotic proteins CHOP and cleaved caspase-3, which were augmented by TDZD-8. We further demonstrated a significant (P~\&lt;~.05) correlation between autoantibodies generated during the course of arthritis and biomarkers of ERS and autophagy. We conclude that TDZD-8 inhibits CIA and decreases synovial leukocyte infiltration, ERS, and autophagy, which is independent of Akt/mTOR signalling.</p>
},
	author = {Alzamil, Norah M and Alradini, Faten A and Bahjat Al-Ani and Younes, Sheren and Fahad Saja, Maha and Kamar, Samaa S and Dawood, Amal F}
}
