This chapter offers a feminist critique of the strategies used in translating Virginia Woolf’s work into Arabic. The study opens with a historical overview of Woolf’s works translated into Arabic since the 1960s, followed by a discussion of the critical approaches to the translated texts from a feminist perspective, with particular emphasis on the significance of a paratextual analysis. A whole section of the chapter is devoted to examining Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own as a case study of the translation of Woolf into Arabic. The chapter ends by highlighting the ethical dimensions embedded in the translation strategies related to Virginia Woolf and feminist texts in general. The study examines the representation of Woolf in Egypt and the Arab World, and points out the shift from emphasis on Woolf as a modernist novelist to a feminist writer.
Keywords: Virginia Woolf, translation, representation, feminist, modernist, paratexts, Arab World.

Virtual reality technology enables people to become immersed in a computer-simulated and three-dimensional environment. In this chapter, we investigate the effects of the virtual reality technology on disabled people such as blind and visually impaired people (VIP) in order to enhance their computer skills and prepare them to make use of recent technology in their daily life. As well as, they need to advance their information technology skills beyond the basic computer training and skills. This chapter describes what best tools and practices in information technology to support disabled people such as deaf-blind and visual impaired people in their activities such as mobility systems, computer games, accessibility of e-learning, web-based information system, and wearable finger-braille interface for navigation of deaf-blind. Moreover, we will show how physical disabled people can benefits from the innovative virtual reality techniques and discuss some representative examples to illustrate how virtual reality technology can be utilized to address the information technology problem of blind and visual impaired people. Challenges to be addressed and an extensive bibliography are included.

Leakage in sewerage system can cause groundwater and soil contamination in urban areas, especially in area with a high groundwater table. This is a serious problem in small agricultural villages which rely on ground water as a source for irrigation and drinking purposes. In the developed countries, the recent trend in areas with low population densities is using vacuum sewerage system. Vacuum system could be environmentally safer than conventional gravity system, protecting public health, preventing exfiltration to the ground water, very easily applied in a relatively short time, and can cope with a faster expansion of the urbanized areas. Detailed hydraulic design were held for both gravity sewer and vacuum sewer systems in 28 Egyptian agricultural villages as a case study for developing regions. Different conditions, such as population, areas, and terrain slopes were evaluated. Cost comparisons based on statistical analysis were done to assess the feasibility of using vacuum sewerage in developing regions. Based on this study, from financial point of view, vacuum sewerage system was a good competitor to conventional systems in flat areas and areas with high groundwater table. From the environmental point of view, it is recommended to construct the vacuum sewerage system in such agricultural villages. The local market supplying of the construction equipment especially collection chambers will greatly affect the investment cost. Capacity building and social mobilization will also play a great role in sustainability of this system.