In machine learning, searching for the optimal feature subset from the original datasets is a very challenging and prominent task. The metaheuristic algorithms are used in finding out the relevant, important features, that enhance the classification accuracy and save the resource time. Most of the algorithms have shown excellent performance in solving feature selection problems. A recently developed metaheuristic algorithm, gaining-sharing knowledge-based optimization algorithm (GSK), is considered for finding out the optimal feature subset. GSK algorithm was proposed over continuous search space; therefore, a total of eight S-shaped and V-shaped transfer functions are employed to solve the problems into binary search space. Additionally, a population reduction scheme is also employed with the transfer functions to enhance the performance of proposed approaches. It explores the search space efficiently and deletes the worst solutions from the search space, due to the updation of population size in every iteration. The proposed approaches are tested over twenty-one benchmark datasets from UCI repository. The obtained results are compared with state-of-the-art metaheuristic algorithms including binary differential evolution algorithm, binary particle swarm optimization, binary bat algorithm, binary grey wolf optimizer, binary ant lion optimizer, binary dragonfly algorithm, binary salp swarm algorithm. Among eight transfer functions, V4 transfer function with population reduction on binary GSK algorithm outperforms other optimizers in terms of accuracy, fitness values and the minimal number of features. To investigate the results statistically, two non-parametric statistical tests are conducted that concludes the superiority of the proposed approach.

The activity of S6 kinases (S6K) is highly induced in cancer cells highlighting an essential role in carcinogenesis. The S6K family has two members: S6K1 and S6K2 which bear common as well as distinct features. In an attempt to identify S6K2 unique sequence features compared to S6K1, we applied extensive bioinformatic analysis and motif search approaches. Interestingly, we identified 14 unique protein signatures which are present in proteins directly connected to chromatin and/or involved in transcription regulation. Using chromatin binding assay, we biochemically showed that S6K2 is bound to chromatin as well as nuclear matrix cellular fractions in HEK293 cells. The presence of S6K2 in chromatin fractions raised the possibility that it may be in close proximity to a number of chromatin substrates. For that, we then searched for S6K phosphorylation consensus sites RXRXXT/S in mammalian proteins using the SWISS-PROT database. Interestingly, we identified some potential phosphorylation sites in histone H3 (Thr45). Using in vitro kinase assays and siRNA-based knockdown strategy; we confirmed that S6K2 but not S6K1 or AKT is essential for histone H3-Thr45 phosphorylation in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, we show that the nuclear localisation sequence in the S6K2 C-terminus is essential for this modification. We have found that, H3-Thr45 phosphorylation correlates to S6K activation in response to mitogens and TPA-induced cell differentiation of leukaemic cell lines U937, HL60 and THP1. Overall, we demonstrate that S6K2 is a novel kinase that can phosphorylate histone H3 at position Thr45, which may play a role during cell proliferation and/or differentiation.

Seals played an important role in ancient Egypt. They were not only used as administrative securing devices for the state bureaucracy, private individual, documents, containers, places, but also as amulets during daily life and in the netherworld. There are some features confirmed the sacredness of seals such as:
•Seals as devices of protection.
•The crime of breaking the seal.
•The seal and sacredness of the place.
•The sacredness of the process of sealing.
Beside the sacredness of seals, there are some texts confirmed the relationship between seals and the god Thoth, the relationship through which it can be suggested that as Thoth was the god of wisdom, magic, and writing , he also the god who was responsible for seals and sealing in ancient Egypt religion.