The world today, recovering from a pandemic crisis, has witnessed a complete change in everyday challenges and routines. Following the COVID-19 crisis, the world was forced to face the challenge of preserving human life. Today, city planners and urban designers have to establish cities that can mitigate the impact of health problems; in other words, the city's urban product must be more resilient against health problems. The condition of completely shutting down urban areas and transforming them into infirmities has led to great economic and social crises. Economically, the world has lost at least 3.7 trillion dollars, equivalent to 4.4% of the Global Gross Domestic Product (GDP). The present paper aims at developing a tool that has the ability to measure the resilience of the Egyptian urban settlements against pandemic crises; thus, helping planners and urban designers to establish and promote pandemic cities. Based on profound theoretical and analytical studies, the concept of pandemic cities was studied and analyzed composing a list of indicators that illustrate the ability of existing urban settlements to face pandemic crises. Then, based on the findings of an empirical study that targeted Egyptian experts, the most relevant indicators were identified. Using relative importance index (RII), the relative weights of indicators were calculated and utilized as a tool that can measure the resilience of Egyptian urban settlements against pandemic crises.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major crop grown on 24 million ha around the world for edible oil and food. Globally, peanut varieties with high yield potential and adaptation ability have been enhanced, developed, and approved for cultivation. The improved varieties have diverse maturity durations and have disease resistance, drought tolerance, increased oil content, and improved quality traits for food uses. Currently, the limitations of productive agricultural lands and the scarcity of available water are the critical factors contributing to the gap in food production worldwide. In this direction, a two-year-long field study was conducted during the summer seasons of 2019 and 2020 to study the ability to cultivate certain peanut varieties, including Giza 6, Giza 5, and Gregory. Three water regimes100, 80, and 60% of crop water requirement (CWR) were applied using two methods of irrigation application (drip and sprinkler) in new agricultural expansion areas located north of Cairo city. The obtained results confirmed that increasing the water deficit from 100% to 60% of CWR significantly reduced all peanut growth traits such as biomass by 14.3%, pod by 14.2%, and seed by 7.8%, but the 80% water regime recorded the highest oil content. Regarding the irrigation systems, the drip irrigation system surpassed the sprinkler system in both successive seasons in all studied variables. Giza 5 variety, along with 60% of CWR, recorded the highest water productivity for biomass and pod yields. The Giza 6 variety was the most tolerant variety based on the stress tolerance index (STI), whereas the Gregory variety was the least drought-tolerant variety.

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a major crop grown on 24 million ha around the world for edible oil and food. Globally, peanut varieties with high yield potential and adaptation ability have been enhanced, developed, and approved for cultivation. The improved varieties have diverse maturity durations and have disease resistance, drought tolerance, increased oil content, and improved quality traits for food uses. Currently, the limitations of productive agricultural lands and the scarcity of available water are the critical factors contributing to the gap in food production worldwide. In this direction, a two-year-long field study was conducted during the summer seasons of 2019 and 2020 to study the ability to cultivate certain peanut varieties, including Giza 6, Giza 5, and Gregory. Three water regimes100, 80, and 60% of crop water requirement (CWR) were applied using two methods of irrigation application (drip and sprinkler) in new agricultural expansion areas located north of Cairo city. The obtained results confirmed that increasing the water deficit from 100% to 60% of CWR significantly reduced all peanut growth traits such as biomass by 14.3%, pod by 14.2%, and seed by 7.8%, but the 80% water regime recorded the highest oil content. Regarding the irrigation systems, the drip irrigation system surpassed the sprinkler system in both successive seasons in all studied variables. Giza 5 variety, along with 60% of CWR, recorded the highest water productivity for biomass and pod yields. The Giza 6 variety was the most tolerant variety based on the stress tolerance index (STI), whereas the Gregory variety was the least drought-tolerant variety.