Nicotine and tramadol concomitant drug dependence pose increasing social, economic as well as public threats. Accordingly, the present study investigated neurochemical, neurobehavioral and neuropathological changes in the brain subsequent to the interaction of nicotine and tramadol. To this end, tramadol (20 mg/kg, i.p) and nicotine (0.25 mg/kg, i.p) were administrated to male albino mice once daily for 30 days. Consequent to microglial activation, nicotine exacerbated oxidative/nitrosative stress induced by tramadol as manifest by the step-up in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and nitric oxide subsequent to the enhanced levels of neuronal and inducible nitric oxide synthases; paralleled by decreased non-protein sulfhydryls. Increased oxidative stress by tramadol and/or nicotine sequentially augmented nuclear factor kappa B and the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor α with the induction of apoptosis evident by the increased caspase-3 immunoreactivity. However, paradoxical to the boosted inflammation and apoptosis, heightened DA levels in the cortex parallel along with increased tyrosine hydroxylase in midbrain were apparent. Concomitant administration of tramadol and nicotine impaired spatial navigation in the Morris Water Maze test coupled with enhanced levels of acetyl- and butyryl cholinestrases. However, tramadol in association with nicotine improved social interaction while decreasing anxiety and aggression linked to chronic administration of nicotine, effects manifested by increased levels of serotonin and GABA. These results provide evidence that co-administration of tramadol and nicotine may enhance reward and dependence while reducing anxiety and aggression linked to nicotine administration. However, such combination exacerbated neurotoxic effects and elicited negative effects regarding learning and memory.

Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine whether oral glucose 10% administered 2 minutes prior to puncture could have a pain relieving effect on full term newborns.
Studies have shown that orally administered sweet-tasting solutions reduce signs of plain during painful procedures such as venipuncture and cannulation on newborns. This effect has not yet been proven on 10% glucose. Design: prospective, randomized, double-blinded, control study.
Fifty full-term newborns (≥37weeks) were randomized to receive 2ml of either glucose 10% or distilled water. Researchers were blinded to the solutions used, and assessment was carried out over 4 consecutive days. Pain scores were assessed using the Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS), heart rate, and sleep wake state.
There were no statistically significant differences between the two groups, neither in the NFCS, heart rates, nor in their alertness state.
In conclusion, this study showed that oral 10% glucose solution administered before venipuncture is ineffective for pain reduction in the newborn.

Photon production cross sections in 12C-12C and 40Ca-40Ca collisions at Elab=84 and 200 MeV/A are calculated in the framework of the quantum molecular dynamics approach using the medium-dependent NN cross section obtained from the G matrix. Photons are assumed to be produced by incoherent pn bremsstrahlung and a simple classical expression for the production cross section is used. The effects of the equation of state for nuclear matter on the photon production cross section are studied in detail. In the 12C-12C collision, the authors found little difference in the photon cross section due to differences in the equation of state both at 84 and 200 MeV/A. In the 40Ca-40Ca collision, slightly more high-energy photons are produced in the case of the soft equation of state and the difference is slightly larger at higher incident energies.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the role of family history (FH) in the risk of a positive prostate biopsy (PBx) in a large North American biopsy population as earlier reports showed increased risk of prostate cancer (PCa) in men with a FH, but the risk has been limited to low grade prostate cancer in smaller studies, and the REDUCE trial found no such risk in North American patients.

METHODS: We evaluated 4360 men undergoing initial extended biopsy (8-14 cores). Indications were elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and/or abnormal digital rectal examination (DRE). Variables including age, FH of PCa, race, PSA, and DRE results were included in our analysis to assess risk factors associated with PCa, high-grade prostate cancer (HGPCa), and low-grade prostate cancer (LGPCa).

RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-eight patients had an FH of PCa whereas 4092 had negative FH. Positive biopsy was found in 1976 patients with HGPCa in 1149 and LGPCa in 827. Among 268 patients with an FH, overall PCa was found in 144 of 268 patients (54%); HGPCa in 79 of 144 patients (55%) and LGPCa in 65 of 144 patients (45%). FH was a significant risk factor for PCa, HGPCa, and LGPCa in univariate and multivariate analysis (P = .0001, .02, and .02, respectively). Also, FH was associated with high-risk benign pathology in the form of atypical small acinar cell proliferation (ASAP) or high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasm (HGPIN) (P = .04).

CONCLUSION: Men in North America with an FH of PCa who undergo prostate biopsy are more likely to be diagnosed with both HGPCa and LGPCa.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to assess the effectiveness of taping alone in changing nose and lip aesthetics in infants with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate before and after surgical lip repair.

METHODS: The study design was a prospective, balanced, randomized, parallel-group, single-blinded, controlled trial. All the steps were carried out in the Department of Orthodontics of Cairo University in Egypt. Thirty-one infants with nonsyndromic unilateral complete cleft lip and palate were randomly assigned to either no treatment (control) or taping groups. In the taping group, all infants received horizontal tape between the two labial segments, aiming to decrease the cleft gap. No other interventions were performed in this group. Standardized photographs and videos were taken of the infants in both groups at the beginning of the treatment (T1), directly before surgical lip repair (T2), and 2 weeks after surgical lip repair (T3). Photographs and shots from videos were calibrated and used for outcome assessment. Blinded assessors carried out all the measurements digitally on the standardized photographs at T1, T2, and T3 using computer software.

RESULTS: Significant changes in all the measurements were recorded in the taping group at T2 before surgical lip repair in comparison with the control group. At T3, no differences were found between the two groups.

CONCLUSIONS: Taping is a successful intervention in changing nose and lip aesthetics before surgical lip repair. After surgical lip repair, both groups had matching aesthetics.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, I.