Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are innate immune receptors that mediate the inflammatory response in diabetes mellitus (DM). The aim of this study is to evaluate the association of TLR2 and TLR9 gene polymorphism in patients with type 2 DM (T2DM) and diabetic foot (DF).The study included 90 subjects divided into group I (30 patients with T2DM and DF), group II (30 patients with T2DM and no evidence of DF), and group III (normal control subjects). TLR2 (1350 T/C, rs3804100) and TLR9 (1237 T/C, rs5743836) genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique for all subjects.There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of TLR9-1237 T/C genotypes between groups I and II (P < .029) as well as between groups I and III (P < .001). Calculated risk estimation revealed that TLR9-1237 polymorphism conferred almost 20 times increased risk of DF disorders in T2DM (OR = 20, 95% CI = 5.38-74.30). There was no statistical difference in the distribution of TLR2-1350T/C genotypes between the 3 groups.TLR9-1237 T/C gene polymorphism may be considered as a molecular risk for DF among patients with T2DM.

Purpose: To present a concise literature review on the optimization techniques used for the single stage and multistage deep drawing process, and to identify directions for future research. A perspective on a comprehensive optimized computer aided process planning is provided for multistage deep drawing processes. This is an integrated rule base/dynamic programming/finite element approach that minimizes the total number of stages and heat treatment needed.
Design/methodology/approach: Relevant research is classified according to the major process parameters and the optimization techniques used. Main features and major outcome of the applications are presented.
Findings: There is a lack in the literature in providing a comprehensive approach for optimizing the multistage deep drawing process.
Research limitations/implications: Directions for future research towards integrative models for optimizing the multistage deep drawing process that take into consideration economic as well as operational objectives are identified.
Originality/value: This paper provides a guide for researchers in the field of deep drawing and identifies some directions for future research that can be pursued. It also gives some insights to practitioners in that field on how integrated models can improve the economics and the quality of the process planning decisions for multistage deep drawing.