Cultivar selection, time of planting and seeding rate is important factors that
influence flax growth and yield variables. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects
of planting date, seeding rate and their interactions on yield and yield components of two flax
cultivars. Cultivars, planting date and seeding rate had significant effects on flax yield and yield
components. In general, the interaction between planting date and seeding rate and between
planting date and cultivar was non significant. Results indicated that, no interaction occurred
between cultivar and each of planting date and seeding rate suggesting that planting date and
seeding rate affected the cultivars similarly. The two tested cultivars exhibited significant
differences for almost traits. The early planting on November 15 was superior to the other two
dates on November 30 and December 15 for seed yield and yield components and straw, fiber
yield and related traits. Maximum seed, oil, straw and fiber yields ha-1 was produced when
seeding rate was applied at the rate of 180 kg ha-1. Therefore, early planting time November 15
with seeding rate 180 kg ha-1 is recommended to obtain higher yield of flax cultivars Sakha 1 and
Sakha 2. Significant linear relationship between planting dates and each of seed and oil yield
provides the clue that these traits are dependent upon planting dates. Linear regression for
planting date suggested that increase in one unit (15 days delaying) of planting date lead to
decreased seed and oil yield by 162.7 kg ha-1 and 63.66 kg ha-1, respectively. Regression
analysis indicated that seed and fiber yields was positively correlated with seeding rates (r = 0.99
and r= 0.99) and increased linearly when the seeding rates increased from 140 to 180 kg ha-1.
Finally coefficients of regression results suggest that an increase by one unit (20 kg ha-1) of
seeding rate lead to increase seed and fiber yields by 62.55 kg ha-1 and 249.5 kg ha-1,
respectively.
Key words: Flax, cultivar, planting date, seeding rate, regression analysis, yield, quality traits.
INTRODUCTION
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is ranked second plant after cotton as a fiber crop regarding the cultivated
area or its importance in industry. Flax is one of the ancient important crop grown for fiber and oil locally used in
textile industry. Linseed oil is one of the oldest commercial oils used in food painting and varnish industry. Flax
is considered one of the most important dual purpose crops for oil and fiber production in Egypt and the world,
flax is rich in oil (41%), protein (20%), and dietary fiber (28%), Bakry et al. (2012).
In Egypt, it is one of the oldest crops cultivated for its seeds and fibers as double purpose crop since
pharaoh age.

Twenty one diallel crosses among seven Egyption
barley cultivars showing clear differences in reaction to
drought were made and evaluated under full and stress
irrigation regimes at the Experimental Station, Faculty of
Agriculture, Cairo University, Giza Governorate, Egypt
during 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 seasons. The objective
was to estimate the mode of gene action in the inheritance,
combining ability effects and heterosis for studied traits.
Water stress caused significant reductions in all studied
traits; with number of spikes per plant of F1
's showing
maximum reduction (43.07%). Genotypic differences were
found in all traits under both irrigation treatments. Giza
123, Giza 126 and F1 cross Giza 126 X Giza 2000 were
early maturing as well as having high yielding ability. Giza
2000 X Giza 130 and Giza 129 X Giza 125 had the best
yield under both irrigation regimes and the lowest reduction
due to drought besides its intermediate earliness. Some
crosses showed significant desirable heterobeltiosis for all
studied traits under both irrigation regimes. It is interesting
to mention that the high positive heterbeltiosis in grain
yield/plant was associated with high positive heterobeltiosis
in No. S/P and 100-KW for Giza 126 X Giza 2000 and Giza
130 X Giza 131 under stress and non-stress conditions,
respectively. The crosses showing the best heterobeltiosis
could be recommended to improve the respective traits.
Both general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining ability
variances were significant for most studied traits under both
irrigation regimes, indicating the importance of additive and
non-additive genetic variances in determining the
performance of these traits. The best general combiners
were Giza 126 for 100-KW and GY/P and Giza 125 for PH,
No. K/S. and GY/P under both irrigation regimes. The best
F1 cross in SCA effect for 100-KW, No. K/S and GY/P was
Giza 126 X Giza 2000 under both irrigation regimes.

Cultivar selection, time of planting and seeding rate is important factors that
influence flax growth and yield variables. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects
of planting date, seeding rate and their interactions on yield and yield components of two flax
cultivars. Cultivars, planting date and seeding rate had significant effects on flax yield and yield
components. In general, the interaction between planting date and seeding rate and between
planting date and cultivar was non significant. Results indicated that, no interaction occurred
between cultivar and each of planting date and seeding rate suggesting that planting date and
seeding rate affected the cultivars similarly. The two tested cultivars exhibited significant
differences for almost traits. The early planting on November 15 was superior to the other two
dates on November 30 and December 15 for seed yield and yield components and straw, fiber
yield and related traits. Maximum seed, oil, straw and fiber yields ha-1 was produced when
seeding rate was applied at the rate of 180 kg ha-1. Therefore, early planting time November 15
with seeding rate 180 kg ha-1 is recommended to obtain higher yield of flax cultivars Sakha 1 and
Sakha 2. Significant linear relationship between planting dates and each of seed and oil yield
provides the clue that these traits are dependent upon planting dates. Linear regression for
planting date suggested that increase in one unit (15 days delaying) of planting date lead to
decreased seed and oil yield by 162.7 kg ha-1 and 63.66 kg ha-1, respectively. Regression
analysis indicated that seed and fiber yields was positively correlated with seeding rates (r = 0.99
and r= 0.99) and increased linearly when the seeding rates increased from 140 to 180 kg ha-1.
Finally coefficients of regression results suggest that an increase by one unit (20 kg ha-1) of
seeding rate lead to increase seed and fiber yields by 62.55 kg ha-1 and 249.5 kg ha-1,
respectively.
Key words: Flax, cultivar, planting date, seeding rate, regression analysis, yield, quality traits.
INTRODUCTION
Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is ranked second plant after cotton as a fiber crop regarding the cultivated
area or its importance in industry. Flax is one of the ancient important crop grown for fiber and oil locally used in
textile industry. Linseed oil is one of the oldest commercial oils used in food painting and varnish industry. Flax
is considered one of the most important dual purpose crops for oil and fiber production in Egypt and the world,
flax is rich in oil (41%), protein (20%), and dietary fiber (28%), Bakry et al. (2012).
In Egypt, it is one of the oldest crops cultivated for its seeds and fibers as double purpose crop since
pharaoh age

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study is to demonstrate the need for interdisciplinary consensus and inclusion of mummy radiology specialists in analyses of mummified remains.

MATERIALS: This study uses paleoimaging data for an ancient Egyptian mummy at the Museum of Human Anatomy "Filippo Civinini".

METHODS: This study demonstrates the benefit of evaluation of mummified remains in a multi-disciplinary interpretive team.

RESULTS: The authors propose a diagnosis of DISH, additional signs of undifferentiated spondyloarthropathy, and lumbarisation of S1.

CONCLUSIONS: The process of diagnosis by consensus is essential to the analysis of mummified remains, which are complexly altered through natural and anthropogenic processes in the millennia subsequent to the individual's death.

SIGNIFICANCE: Mummy paleoimaging and paleopathology lacks a unifying set of standards. We present an example of the value to be found in the multi-disciplinary diagnosis by consensus approach.

LIMITATIONS: We discuss numerous challenges to accurate and meaningful interpretation that radiography of mummified remains pose.

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: While the authors do not seek to impose any single set of standards, we do recommend a larger discussion on the topic of (culture-specific) standardisation in mummy paleoimaging and paleopathology. We further recommend the development of an international, multi-disciplinary panel of paleoimaging interpreters.