Cyclophosphamide is anticancer drug with a well-Known nephrotoxicity. This work was applied to study the lucrative antioxidant influence of metformin as co-therapy on the nephrotoxicity induced by cyclophosphamide in the treatment of different cancer diseases. Four groups of male Sprague Dawley rats were used; Control group (C) received single I.P. injection of 0.2 ml saline, Metformin (MET) group received daily gavage of 200 mg/kg metformin for two weeks, Cyclophosphamide (CP) group received single I.P. injection of 200 mg/kg CP, Protector group (CP.MET) received daily gavage of 200 mg/kg metformin for two weeks and single I.P. injection of 200 mg/kg CP at day 7. By day 14 rats were euthanized. Samples were collected from kidney tissues and blood for kidney function evaluation, histopathological and assessment of oxidative stress markers. The results disclosed that CP yields many functional and structural damage to the kidney, worsened oxidative stress markers and kidney function indicators. The protector group displayed better kidney tissue morphology, acceptable kidney function indicators as well as satisfactory oxidative stress markers. In assumption, metformin could be combined with CP owing to its lucrative effect counter to CP persuaded nephrotoxicity.

To evaluate the retinal vasculature in psoriasis patients and detect if metabolic syndrome is an additional risk factor. This cross-sectional analytic study was carried out on 80 eyes of 80 subjects; 28 eyes with psoriasis only (PS group), 12 eyes with additional metabolic syndrome to psoriasis (PMS group) and 40 eyes healthy controls (HS). The retinal capillary plexuses were evaluated by OCTA. The disease activity was evaluated by the Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) score and extent. The superficial capillary plexus (SCP) vascular density was significantly lower in PS group than HS while in PMS it was significantly lower only in whole image and superior and temporal perifoveal areas (p-value = 0.020, 0.030, 0.001 respectively). The changes correlated with the disease duration. The vascular density of the deep capillary plexus (DCP) was significantly lower in both PS and PMS groups (p-value < 0.001). Psoriatic patients are at a higher risk of developing retinal vascular complications even without evident clinical ocular disease. It was noted that the presence of metabolic syndrome contributes as an additional risk factor in possible visual loss secondary to ischemic changes that are likely to start in the DCP and progress to involve all levels.

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is a monogenic disorder caused by genetic diversity in the gene, with 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD) as the most common type. Early sex assignment and early diagnosis of different genetic variations with a proper technique are important to reduce mortality and morbidity. Proper early sex identification reduces emotional, social, and psychological stress. Detection of a spectrum of aberrations in the gene, including copy number variations, gene conversion, chimeric genes, and point variations. The gene was screened using MLPA assay in 112 unrelated Egyptian children with 21-OHD CAH (33 males and 79 females). In the studied group, 79.5% were diagnosed within the first month of life. 46.8% of the genetic females were misdiagnosed as males. Among the copy number variation results, large deletions in 15.4% and three types of chimeric genes in 9% (CH-1, CH-7, and CAH-X CH-1) were detected. Regarding gene dosage, one copy of was found in 5 cases (4.5%), three copies were detected in 7 cases (6.3%), and one case (0.9%) showed four copies. Eight common genetic variants were identified, I2G, large deletions, large gene conversion (LGC), I172N, F306 + T, -113 SNP, 8bp Del, and exon 6 cluster (V237E and M239K) with an allelic frequency of 32.62%, 15.45%, 7.30%, 3.00%, 2.58%, 2.15%, 0.86%, and 0.86%, respectively. High prevalence of copy number variations highlights the added value of using MLPA in routine laboratory diagnosis of CAH patients.

Aim The aim of this study was to report the epidemiology, clinical characteristics, causes, management, and outcome of neovascular glaucoma (NVG) in a tertiary facility in Egypt (Glaucoma Care Clinic at Cairo University Hospitals).
Patients and methods The demographic and clinical data of 251 eyes diagnosed with NVG were retrospectively studied. The antiglaucoma medications and interventions used for management were reviewed with analysis of the outcome in the form of success rate, final visual acuity (VA) and intraocular pressure (IOP). Complete success was defined as an IOP between 6 and 21 mm Hg without topical or systemic glaucoma medications with preservation of presenting VA.
Results NVG was diagnosed in 7.9% of all glaucoma patients in our clinic. The prevalence was more in men (58.8%), and the mean age was 56.5±11 years. Diabetic retinopathy was the most common cause for NVG (61.4%), followed by central retinal vein occlusion (21.4%). The presenting VA was light perception (LP) or less in 45% of the eyes. Diode laser cyclophotocoagulation was the most common treatment modality used (57%), followed by antiglaucoma medications only in 28% and finally surgery in 15% of the patients. Complete success in the diode group was achieved in 73.43% of the cases compared with 68.42% in the surgery group, with no statistically significant difference (P=0.522). The effect of an intravitreal injection of antivascular endothelial growth factor on the final IOP was significant (P=0.024).
Conclusions NVG has a high prevalence in our glaucoma patients. The patients presented very late, with nearly half of the patients having VA of LP or less. This led to decreased resort to surgical intervention. Diode laser cyclophotocoagulation was the main treatment modality used, with significant control of the IOP.