Background: After a successful experiment in rats with anaerobic vaccine in combating peritonitis in the model of ceacal ligation and puncture to prevent sudden death, it was decided to undergo a clinical study. Material and methods: 445 patients who underwent major and semimajor operations were vaccinated each with 0.25 mL of covexin 10 before operation. Results: Infection of the wounds occurred in 24 of 445 patients (5.4 %). Infection occurred in 7 of 202 who underwent breast operations, mostly for breast cancer including axillary dissection (3.5 %). Infection occurred in 2 of 50 who underwent major operation for colorectal cancer (4%). 3 of 43 patients who underwent major operation for urinary bladder cancer developed wound infection (7.0%). Other operations for other sites were associated with a low incidence of wound infection compared to historical control. Although, it was a large series of major operations, not a single case developed multiple organ failure syndrome. Discussion: Because of success of anaerobic vaccination in combating post-operative wound infection, we recommend that researchers in this field to start similar clinical trials. Because multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was not encountered in this series, a possible etiology of the syndrome may be due to toxins released from anaerobic sepsis in small bowl. Conclusion: Vaccination with anaerobic vaccine was successful in reducing post-operative wound infection to about half of historical control. Key words: wound infection, anaerobic vaccine, and anaerobic infection. No. S19/P4, page 90, Microbiology Society Annual Conference 2016, Liverpool, UK.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of physical training on menstrual functions, BMD, body composition and nutritional status in adolescent female athletes. Twenty-five adolescent female athletes and twenty-five adolescent female non-athletes participated in this study. BMD and body composition were evaluated using DEXA. The training, nutritional, menstrual and fractures histories were assessed through a self-administered questionnaire. Results showed that percentages of athletes who had menstrual dysfunction, low BMD and stress fractures were 48%, 4% and 28%, respectively and 12%, 4% and 8%, respectively in the nonathletes. Results revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in menarche age and statistically significant decrease in No. of menstrual cycles in last year, total BMD, as well as highly significant decrease (P<0.0001) in total fat % and total fat mass, while there were non-significant differences (P>0.05) in femoral neck BMD, femoral neck Z-score and total lean mass of the athletes compared with the non-athletes. Also, results showed significant increase (P<0.05) in menarche age and highly significant decrease (P<0.0001) in No. of menstrual cycles in last year, as well as significant
decrease (P<0.05) in femoral neck BMD and femoral neck Z-score, while there were non-significant differences (P>0.05) in total BMD and body composition of oligo/amenorrheic athletes compared with eumenorrheic athletes. Also, there were significant increase (P<0.05) in menarche age and highly significant decrease (P<0.0001) in No. of menstrual cycles in last year, as well as significant decrease (P<0.05) in femoral neck BMD and femoral neck Z-score, while there were non-significant differences
(P>0.05) in total BMD and body composition of oligo/amenorrheic nonathletes compared with eumenorrheic non-athletes. Sport training during puberty, low BMI and low body fat in athletes can be associated with delayed menarche, menstrual dysfunction, low total BMD and stress fractures. Female athletes should be evaluated periodically and educated about the possible negative effects of oligo/amenorrhea on bone health.

Environmental performance criteria currently represent major decision factors in civil engineering projects, including pipeline construction. This paper presents a framework based on systems modelling and multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA) that captures different setups of pipeline installation techniques and the environmental impacts expected from different execution scenarios. A model is developed via SysML using the principles of systems modelling and engineering to capture the interactions of the pipeline as a product, the installation technique utilized, together with the environment. A TOPSIS-based MCDA module permits selecting the optimum alternative among construction alternatives. Open cut trenching and microtunneling are exemplified and a case study is provided where both techniques are evaluated in terms of environmental impacts. The contribution of this work is providing a structured and versatile framework that properly captures the interactions of different pipeline installation techniques and the environment, enabling the quantification of environmental impacts to a high degree of precision. The capacity to model different scenarios allows comparison and selection of the most suitable alternative.

If you are a breast-feeding mother, this book will provide you information about the most important factors that influence your breast milk immune system. These factors include exercise, stress and nutrition. To boost the immune system of the breast milk and subsequently the immune system of the breast-fed infant, the breast-feeding mother should be encouraged to exercise moderately, avoid stress and have a healthy nutrition.

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