The sterols, hydrocarbons and fatty acids constituents of the leaves of five mango cultivars locally implanted in Egypt were identified. The effect of their essential oils (EOs) against food borne microorganisms was studied as preservative materials. The chemical constituents of the EOs isolated from mango leaves were identified by Gas Chromatography–Mass spectrometry (GC–MS) technique. Trans-caryophyllene, α–humulene and α–elemene were identified as terpene hydrocarbons, while 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone as oxygenated compounds were recorded in all tested cultivars with variable amounts. Results showed that Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were the most sensitive microorganisms tested for Alphonso EOs. On the other hand, Salmonella typhimrium was found to be less susceptible to the EOs of the studied cultivars. The EOs of different mango cultivars induced a steady decrease in the activity of amylase, protease and lipase at the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The treatment of the tested bacteria with the EOs of mango cultivars caused a steady loss in enterotoxins even when applied at the sub-MIC. Bacteria-inoculated apple juice treated with minimum bactericidal concentration of Alphonso oil was free from the bacteria after 5 days of incubation at 25 °C. Eighteeen volatile compounds were found to reduce the activity of the amylase enzyme and the most active was cedrelanol (−7.6 kcal mol−1) followed by alpha-eudesmol (−7.3 kcal mol−1) and humulene oxide (−7 kcal mol−1). The binding mode of both of cedrelanol and alpha-eudesmol with amylase enzyme was illustrated.

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This study investigated the changes in the enzymatic and biochemical profiles of lactating, non-lactating, and young buffaloes during different sampling. In the present research thirty buffaloes (Nili-Ravi) were selected and divided into three categories lactating, non-lactating, and young. Four samplings were performed in different seasons (summer, autumn, winter, and spring), and 10 blood serum samples were collected from each category of Nili-Ravi buffaloes during each sampling period. Higher glucose, urea, creatinine, and mycotoxins (AFB1, ZEA, OTA) values were found during summer sampling season, higher SGPT (ALT) and SGOT (AST) values were found during the autumn season, higher cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase and uric acid values were found during the winter season.

Herbs and spices are food crops susceptible to contamination by toxigenic fungi. Ozone, as a decontamination approach in the industry, has attractive benefits over traditional food preservation practices. A contribution to the studying of ozone as an antifungal and anti-mycotoxigenic agent in herbs and spices storage processes is achieved in this research. Nine powdered sun-dried herbs and spices were analyzed for their fungal contamination. The results indicate that licorice root and peppermint leaves were found to have the highest population of fungi while black cumin and fennel record the lowest population. The most dominant fungal genera are Aspergillus, Penicillium, Fusarium, and Rhizopus. Ozone treatment was performed at a concentration of 3 ppm applied for exposure times of 0, 30, 90, 150, 210, and 280 min. After 280 min of exposure to ozone, the reduction of fungal count ranged from 96.39 to 98.26%. The maximum reduction in spore production was achieved in the case of A. humicola and Trichderma viride exposed for 210 min ozone gas. There was a remarkable reduction in the production of the total mycotoxin, reaching 24.15% in aflatoxins for the 150 min-treated inoculum in the case of A. flavus. The total volume of essential oil of chamomile and peppermint was reduced by 57.14 and 26.67%, respectively, when exposed to 3 ppm. For 280 min. In conclusion, fumigation with ozone gas can be used as a suitable method for achieving sanitation and decreasing microbial load in herbs and spices. Still, it is crucial to provide precautions on ozone’s effect on major active constituents before recommending this method for industrial application.

A new series of 5-arylhydrazonothiazole derivatives 5a–d has been synthesized, elucidated, and evaluated for their antidermatophytic activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC) of the newly synthesized products were investigated against 18 dermatophyte fungal isolates related to Epidermophyton floccosum, Microsporum canis, and Trichophyton rubrum. The morphological alterations induced by the synthesized derivatives singly or conjugated with the monoclonal antibody were examined on spores of T. rubrum using a scanning electron microscope. The efficacy of synthesized derivative 5a applied at its respective MFC alone or conjugated with anti-dermatophyte monoclonal antibody 0014 in skin infection treatment of guinea pigs due to inoculation with one of the examined dermatophytes, in comparison with fluconazole as standard reference drug was evaluated. In an in vivo experiment, the efficiency of 5a derivative conjugated with the antibody induced 100% healing after 45 days in the case of T. rubrum and M. canis-infected guinea pigs.

Large volume atmospheric pressure glow discharge plasma was developed and investigated to enhance the biological activities of M. oleifera seeds. The generated plasma was characterized optically, electrically, and spectroscopically. The large volume plasma size can reach 40 mm gape and 150 mm diameter. One hundred ns magnetic pulse compression high voltage system was used to generate the plasma where the current increases with increasing applied voltage at a constant frequency and discharge gap while the current decreases with increasing discharge gap at constant voltage and frequency. The plasma homogeneity was enhanced with higher applied voltage and frequency. Nitrogen second positive system bands dominated the plasma emission spectra, and its intensity increased with increasing applied voltage and frequency. There was a steady reduction in the total count of emerged seedborne fungi on the application of cold plasma with complete elimination of fungi at ≥ 13 A. The low doses of cold plasma (3.9 and 5.8 A) induced an increase in the seed germination, a significant increase in chlorophyll content (chl a and chl b ) and antioxidant activities of the seedlings emerged from soaked or wet seeds rather than dry seeds. There was a steady reduction in the total count of emerged fungi reaching complete decontamination of seedborne fungi at higher plasma doses (≥ 13 A). The plasma was harmful when applied at higher doses (≥ 13 A) and more harmful to the wet seeds compared to the dry ones, where the chlorophyll a content of the seedling developed from 1% H 2 O 2 soaked seeds.

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This study investigated the changes in the enzymatic and biochemical profiles of lactating, non-lactating, and young buffaloes during different sampling. In the present research thirty buffaloes (Nili-Ravi) were selected and divided into three categories lactating, non-lactating, and young. Four samplings were performed in different seasons (summer, autumn, winter, and spring), and 10 blood serum samples were collected from each category of Nili-Ravi buffaloes during each sampling period. Higher glucose, urea, creatinine, and mycotoxins (AFB1, ZEA, OTA) values were found during summer sampling season, higher SGPT (ALT) and SGOT (AST) values were found during the autumn season, higher cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase and uric acid values were found during the winter season.

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