Hatcheries have the power to spread antimicrobial resistant (AMR) pathogens through the poultry value chain because of their central position in the poultry production chain. Currently, no information is available about the presence of AMR Escherichia coli strains and the antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) they harbor within hatchezries. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the possible involvement of hatcheries in harboring hemolytic AMR E. coli. Serotyping of the 65 isolated hemolytic E. coli revealed 15 serotypes with the ability to produce moderate biofilms, and shared susceptibility to cephradine and fosfomycin and resistance to spectinomycin. The most common β-lactam resistance gene was bla, followed by bla, bla-like bla-like bla and bla. Hierarchical clustering of E. coli isolates based on their phenotypic and genotypic profiles revealed separation of the majority of isolates from hatchlings and the hatchery environments, suggesting that hatchling and environmental isolates may have different origins. The high frequency of β-lactam resistance genes in AMR E. coli from chick hatchlings indicates that hatcheries may be a reservoir of AMR E. coli and can be a major contributor to the increased environmental burden of ARGs posing an eminent threat to poultry and human health.

The importance of intensifying feedbacks between drought and heat, however, depends on context and can be difficult to quantify (Miralles et al., 2019). Hypothesized drought-heat interactions include (a) surface energy partitioning effects, in which drought leads to enhanced sensible heat flux relative to latent heat flux, convectively warming the planetary boundary layer, (b) surface net radiation effects, in which drought alters incoming solar radiation or surface albedo; thus, changing the amount of energy that needs to be dissipated from the surface, (c) precipitation-mediated feedbacks related to planetary boundary layer processes or convective dynamics, and (d) broader impacts on atmospheric circulations (Seneviratne et al., 2010). Determining whether any of these processes were active in the record-setting events of June 2021 has implications on how we interpret projections of future climate extremes by global climate models (GCMs) that may or may not include such cascading dynamics. Given the growing evidence for cascading dry-hot hazard dynamics in theory and global analysis, the Southwest United States drought and heat extreme of 2021 offers an important opportunity to probe for the presence of hypothesized feedbacks. We do this through controlled numerical experiments with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2021) applied at convection resolving scales, allowing us to consider how dynamics often described in GCMs and global scale analysis played out at local to regional scale during a sentinel event.

All serotypes of non-typhoid Salmonella are considered as a potential hazard to human health and measures to prevent food-borne salmonellosis should therefore be directed there wise. Here we sought to report the identification and incidence of S. enteritidis and S. typhimurium yafD and xthA gene families that are responsible for their persistence in egg albumen and their survival in egg are important for their transmission to the human population. The total incidence of Salmonella in the albumen samples was detected as 10.1% of the samples [Salmonella enteritidis (7.1%) and S. typhimurium (3.1%)]. As carrier for the yafD (86.7%) and xthA (13.3%) genes, S. enteritidis accounted for 85.0% of the Salmonella serotype isolates. On the other hand, S. typhimurium carrying the xthA gene, accounted for 100% of the total egg albumen Salmonella serotypes with the absence of the yafD gene from all of the S. typhimurium isolates.

Six series based on barbituric acid 5a-e, 10a-d; thiobarbituric acid 6a-e, 11a-d and 1,3-dimethylbarbituric acid 7a-e, 12a-d were prepared and screened for their in vitro PARP1 inhibition. They revealed promising inhibition at nanomolar level especially compounds 5c, 7b, 7d and 7e (IC = 30.51, 41.60, 41.53 and 36.33 nM) with higher potency than olaparib (IC = 43.59 nM). Moreover, compounds 5b, 5d, 7a, 12a and 12c exhibited good comparable activity (IC = 65.93, 58.90, 66.57, 45.40 and 50.62 nM, respectively). Furthermore, the most active compounds 5c, 7b, 7d, 7e, 12a and 12c against PARP1 in vitro were evaluated in the BRCA1 mutated triple negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-436 where 5c and 12c showed higher potency compared to olaparib and result in cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase. 5c and 12c showed apoptotic effects in MDA-MB-436 and potentiated the cytotoxicity of temozolomide in A549 human lung epithelial cancer cell line. Compounds 5c and 12c represent interesting starting points towards PARP1 inhibitors.

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