Abstract
Despite the well-known benefits of exercise on the physical and mental health of postnatal women, none of the former studies had evaluated the impact of moderate exercise on breast milk cortisol in healthy lactating women. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the impact of moderate exercise on breast milk cortisol in healthy lactating women. Forty-seven healthy lactating women, between 1 and 5 months postpartum, were distributed randomly into two groups. The control group received only lactational and nutritional counseling for 4 weeks, while the exercise group received the same lactational and nutritional counseling, as well as engaged in an aerobic exercise program of moderate intensity for 4 weeks. Breast milk cortisol was assessed pre and post-intervention. The breast milk cortisol showed a significant decrease (P=0.001) within both groups, while it showed a non-significant difference between both groups post-intervention (P>0.05). Moderate aerobic exercise doesn’t have any negative impact on breast milk cortisol in healthy lactating women.
Keywords: moderate exercise, lactation, breast milk cortisol

IF: 0.561

The present study was conducted to analyze the alterations affecting cyclins D1, E, and A in bilharzial bladder cancer and to assess their potential clinical significance. A total of 125 cases were examined. Histopathological subtypes included 68 squamous cell carcinomas, 55 transitional cell carcinomas, and 2 adenocarcinomas. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed using a panel of well-characterized antibodies. The results were correlated with proliferative index, as assessed by Ki67 antigen expression. The cyclin D1-positive phenotype, defined as the identification of positive immunoreactivity in the nuclei of ≤20% of tumor cells, was found in 33 of 107 (31%) evaluable cases. A significant association was observed between the cyclin D1-positive phenotype and deep muscle invasion (P = 0.02), high tumor grade (P = 0.02), and Ki67 high proliferative index (P = 0.03). The cyclin E-positive phenotype, defined as per cyclin D1, was found in 79 of 106 (75%) evaluable cases. The cyclin A-positive phenotype, defined using the above criteria, was identified in 60 of 108 (56%) evaluable cases. No statistically significant association was found between cyclins E or A and clinicopathological parameters or proliferative index. However, there was a strong association between the expression of cyclin D1 and the coexpression of cyclins A and/or E (P = 0.05), Ki67 proliferative index was considered high when ≤20% of tumor cells displayed positive nuclear staining, a phenotype that was observed in 99 of 115 (86%) cases. These data support the hypothesis that cyclin D1 activation deter- mines the evolution of a particular subset of aggressive bladder tumors. In addition, cyclins E and A seem to follow an unscheduled pattern of expression, based on the high frequency of identifying a positive phenotype for these cyclins and the lack of correlation between their expression and Ki67 high proliferative index. It may be postulated that the expression of G1 cyclin genes is deregulated in bilharzial bladder cancer, and that cyclin D1 acts as an oncogenic event in these neoplasms. Moreover, the moderate number of tumors displaying the cyclin D1-positive phenotype (31%) versus the high frequency observed for both cyclins E (75%) and A (56%), suggests a short G1 disbalanced by a long S phase and a rapid transversal of the cell cycle, as evidenced by a high Ki67 index observed in 86% of these cases. This imbalance in the cell cycle, together with alterations reported on the p53 pathway, might underline the accumulation of DNA damage and the aggressive clinical course of bilharzial bladder cancer.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) have been found in various farm animal species throughout the world. Yet, methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin-susceptible non-S. aureus (MS-NSA), and methicillin-resistant non-S. aureus (MR-NSA) were not investigated. Therefore, we persued to determine the diversity in their phenotypic virulence assay, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profile and molecular characterization in one of the food chains in Egypt. Samples were collected during 2013 from beef meat at retail. Twenty seven isolates comprising five species (S. hyicus, S. aureus, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, S. intermedius, and S. lentus) were characterized for their antibiotic resistance phenotypic profile and antibiotic resistance genes (mecA, cfr, gyrA, gyrB, and grlA). Out of the 27 Staphylococcus isolates only one isolate was resistant to the 12 antibiotics representing nine classes. Raw beef meat sold across the Great Cairo zone, contains 66.7% of MRS, with highest prevalence was reported in S. aureus (66.7%), while the MRS non-S. aureus strains constituted 66.7% from which S. hyicus (60%), S. intermedius (33.3%), S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans (100%), and S. lentus (100%) were MRS. Seven S. aureus, six S. hyicus, four S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, three S. intermedius, and one S. lentus isolates although being resistant to oxacillin yet, 11/27 (40.7%) carried the mecA gene. At the same time, the cfr gene was present in 2 of the nine S. aureus isolates, and totally undetectable in S. hyicus, S. schleiferi subsp. coagulans, S. intermedius, and S. lentus. Although, global researches largely focused into MRSA and MR-NSA in animals on pigs, the analysis of our results stipulates, that buffaloes and cattle could be MRSA dispersers and that this theme is not specific to pigs. Detection of MSSA virulence determinants is a must, as although oxacillin resistance may be absent yet, the MSSA may carry the virulence determinants which could be a source of perilous S. aureus for the human community.

This study was conducted to determine the effect of physical training on menstrual functions, BMD, body composition and nutritional status in adolescent female athletes. Twenty-five adolescent female athletes and twenty-five adolescent female non-athletes participated in this study. BMD and body composition were evaluated using DEXA. The training, nutritional, menstrual and fractures histories were assessed through a self-administered questionnaire. Results showed that percentages of athletes who had menstrual dysfunction, low BMD and stress fractures were 48%, 4% and 28%, respectively and 12%, 4% and 8%, respectively in the nonathletes. Results revealed a significant increase (p<0.05) in menarche age and statistically significant decrease in No. of menstrual cycles in last year, total BMD, as well as highly significant decrease (P<0.0001) in total fat % and total fat mass, while there were non-significant differences (P>0.05) in femoral neck BMD, femoral neck Z-score and total lean mass of the athletes compared with the non-athletes. Also, results showed significant increase (P<0.05) in menarche age and highly significant decrease (P<0.0001) in No. of menstrual cycles in last year, as well as significant
decrease (P<0.05) in femoral neck BMD and femoral neck Z-score, while there were non-significant differences (P>0.05) in total BMD and body composition of oligo/amenorrheic athletes compared with eumenorrheic athletes. Also, there were significant increase (P<0.05) in menarche age and highly significant decrease (P<0.0001) in No. of menstrual cycles in last year, as well as significant decrease (P<0.05) in femoral neck BMD and femoral neck Z-score, while there were non-significant differences
(P>0.05) in total BMD and body composition of oligo/amenorrheic nonathletes compared with eumenorrheic non-athletes. Sport training during puberty, low BMI and low body fat in athletes can be associated with delayed menarche, menstrual dysfunction, low total BMD and stress fractures. Female athletes should be evaluated periodically and educated about the possible negative effects of oligo/amenorrhea on bone health.