The transition from conventional to organic farming is the most difficult period facingorganic growers. Total soil organic carbon (SOC) might not be a suitable tool to track the changes in organically based soil fertility within a 2- to 3-year transition period. Labile fractions that are important for nutrient cycling and supply are likely to be controlled by management to a much greater extent than is total soil organic matter (SOM).!Isolation and characterization of labile fractions are likely to better show the effects of management on SOM and better provide more information on fertility status. Two field experiments were established in 2009 in the south of Italy, at Foggia and Metaponto, to study the changes in SOM pools during the transition to organic farming. Experiments were a cereal/leguminous crop rotation under treatments of amendments (compost and fertilizers) permitted in organic farming performed in triplicate replication. Soils were sampled at the beginning of the project and after each crop harvest in 2010 and 2011. A sequential fractionation procedure was used to separate different SOM-fractions: light fraction (LF), two size classes of particulate organic matter (POM), mobile humic acid (MHA) fraction and Ca-bound humic acid (CaHA) fraction. Isolated fractions were quantified and analyzed for their contents of C and N. Soil, LF, POM and MHA were characterized for their contents of seven carbohydrates and amino compounds, namely 19 amino acids (AAs) and two amino sugars. Masses of the fractions increased during the 2-year course with noticeable increases in the LF and POM. Compost application contributed to significantly greater quantities of LF, POM and MHA than did fertilizer application. Carbohydrate contents, over the 2-year scale, decreased in LF while it increased noticeably in POM and slightly in the MHA fraction. Amino compounds constituted up to 30% of total soil N with a major contribution of the humified fractions, MHA and CaHA. The obtained results recommend inclusion of leguminous crops in crop rotation and application of compost for building up soil fertility during the transition to organic farming. The introduced fractionation procedure is recommended for studying SOM in short-term studies.

Out of 557 samples of different sources the incidence was 11.66%, whereas the
highest percentage was 14.42% among ducks followed by pigeon (11.33%) then
chicken (9.47%) while the lowest percentage of Salmonella isolation was from
turkey (6.25%). The Salmonella serovars showed100% of Congo red binding
affinity with different combining intensities and gave a broad-spectrum of
haemagglutination patterns also showed a wide range of percentage of survival in
duck's and chicken's sera for 3 hours (85.7% - 57 %) and for 6 hr (83.3% -
28.6%).also produced cytopathic effect in different degrees or even death of the
Vero cells and MDCK cells also Embryo lethality assay showed (100% ). The
findings from the present study showed that the InvA gene was expressed in all the
Salmonella serotypes by PCR and the virulotyping analysis for 10 virulence genes
(avrA, bcfC, gipA, mgtC, ssaQ, sopB, sodC1, sopE1, spvC, and spi4D) by
conventional PCR which showed that the dominant gene was sopB (97.1%) of the
examined serovars followed by bcfC (95.7%), ssaQ (68.6%), avrA (64.3%), mgtC
(54.3%), spi4D (52.9%), sodC1 (35.7%), spvC (28.6%), sopE1 (10%) while the
gipA gene was absent .the SDS-PAGE was used to establish the relationship
between the related serovars. It was noticed that the band 36 KDa shared in all S.
Enteritidis and S. Typhimurium isolates and other Salmonella isolates(30/70),
followed by protein bands between 20 to 24 KDa (18/70) . 94.3% of the isolates
demonstrated multiple-resistance for all antimicrobial agents. Resistance
prevalence was significantly higher among the poultry isolates than human
isolates. Resistance to colistin sulphate was detected only among pigeon and
human isolates and at an intermediate frequency. Also, resistance to ciprofloxacin
was detected among chicken at a high frequency (100%) and at a low frequency
among ducks (3%). The results of the sopB sequencing revealed complete identity
(100%) between five of our selected examined Salmonella serovar isolated from
different sources (5/6) while The untypable Salmonella serovar that was isolated
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from the imported chicken (isolate number 69) showed several points of mutations
(3 true mutations) resulting in grouping with S. Agona str. SL483 with identity
(99.5%). The sequencing of the bcfC gene revealed the same results except the
detection of five points of mutations in the untypable Salmonella serovar isolated
from the imported chicken (isolate number 69 in this study) in, resulting in
grouping with S. Newport str. SL254.

Background:
One of the most frequently used mobilization techniques for patients with mechanical low back pain (MLBP) is the central postero-anterior (PA) pressure. Although PA mobilization is frequently used to relieve MLBP patients’ symptoms, the mechanism whereby it achieves these effects has been the subject of debate for many years. The purpose: to investigate the lasting effect of central PA mobilization on lumbar intervertebral movements, pain and functional levels in patients with MLBP. Subjects: 30 chronic MLBP patients, their age ranged from (19-35years) with a mean (25.16±5.20) years participated in this study. Patients were divided into two equal groups (study and control). Both groups received the traditional (infrared and ultrasound) treatment, in addition to central PA mobilization for the study group. Method: Sagittal rotation and translation, pain and functional levels were measured before and after 4weeks of PA mobilization as indicator of therapy effectiveness. Results: The PA mobilization produced improvement in the segmental rotation around X axis at level L1-L2, L2-L3 and L3-L4 (P <0.0001, 0.01and 0.001 respectively). And produced significant improvement in the segmental translation around Z axis at level L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4 and L4-L5 (P= 0.001, 0.002, 0.005 and 0.0005 respectively). For the control group, there was no statistically significant change in segmental rotation at level L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4 and L4-L5 (P= 0.81, 0.71, 0.86 and 0.85 respectively) and segmental translation level L1-L2, L2-L3, L3-L4 and L4- L5 (P= 0.11, 0.31, 0.1 and 0.9 respectively). The percentage of improvement in visual analogue scale and Oswestry disability index in the study group were 56.07% and 47.48% respectively in comparison with 10.84% 6.48% in the control group. Conclusion: It was concluded that central PA mobilization is a safe and efficient modality to improve intervertebral movements in MLBP.

Key words : LBP., Translation, Sagittal rotation, Mobilization, Lumbar Intervertebral Movements, Mechanical Low Back Pain