Antibiotics are used to both prevent and treat bacterial infections. When bacteria adapt to the use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance develops. Antibiotic resistance develops in bacteria, not in people or other animals. Both people and animals are susceptible to infection from these germs, and their illnesses are more difficult to treat than those caused by non-resistant bacteria. Antibiotic resistance causes greater mortality, longer hospital stays and higher medical expenses. The way antibiotics are prescribed and used worldwide has to alter immediately. Antibiotic resistance will continue to pose a serious hazard even if new medications are created. Additionally, behavioral changes must focus on improving food cleanliness, hand washing, practicing safer sex and being vaccinated in order to stop the spread of diseases. This chapter discusses the history, evolution and epidemiology of antibiotic resistance, antibiotic resistance mechanisms and their methods of detection, prevention of antibiotic-resistant organisms in healthcare settings and the role of artificial intelligence in prevention of antimicrobial resistance and drug discovery.

Autoimmune rheumatic diseases as a group are characterized by common features such as multisystem involvement, polypharmacy, and the presence of comorbidities. Recent large epidemiological studies shed light on their role as risk factors for thromboembolic complications. The pathogenic factors are now better understood. The proposed mechanisms for this increased risk include increased hypercoagulability, lack of inhibitors, and other factors. The group of vasculitis which includes Behçet’s disease, giant cell vasculitis, Takayasu’s arteritis, and ANCA-associated vasculitis deserves special attention. However other diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus, Sjögren syndrome, scleroderma, rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis, myositis, and sarcoidosis are also associated with significantly increased risk of thrombosis.

Numerous endeavors have been made to improve the retrieval procedure in Textual Case-Based Reasoning (TCBR) utilizing clustering and feature selection strategies. SOPHisticated Information Analysis (SOPHIA) approach is one of the most successful efforts which is characterized by its ability to work without the domain of knowledge or language dependency. SOPHIA is based on the conditional probability, which facilitates an advanced Knowledge Discovery (KD) framework for case-based retrieval. SOPHIA attracts clusters by themes which contain only one word in each. However, using one word is not sufficient to construct cluster attractors because the exclusion of the other words associated with that word in the same context could not give a full picture of the theme. The main contribution of this chapter is to introduce an enhanced clustering approach called GloSOPHIA (GloVe SOPHIA) that extends SOPHIA by integrating word embedding technique to enhance KD in TCBR. A new algorithm is proposed to feed SOPHIA with similar terms vector space gained from Global Vector (GloVe) embedding technique. The proposed approach is evaluated on two different language corpora and the results are compared with SOPHIA, K-means, and Self- Organizing Map (SOM) in several evaluation criteria. The results indicate that GloSOPHIA outperforms the other clustering methods in most of the evaluation criteria.

n/a

This chapter offers a discussion of three texts by bicultural Egyptian writers: Waguih Ghali’s Beer in the Snooker Club (1964), Radwa Ashour’s Specters (1999), and Miral al-Tahawy’s Brooklyn Heights (2010). The three works are read via an autofictional lens, with focus on Ghali’s autofictional identity, Ashour’s autofictional threads, and al-Tahawy’s autofictionalizing experience. The study suggests that autofictionality can be identified in the texts in terms of genre as well as technique, demonstrating the potential of the autofictional as a literary strategy in negotiating identity, memory, and experience in the writing of Egyptian literature. Our reading of the three texts testifies to the affordance of an autofictional lens in reading Arabic literature and allows new insights into writing at the intersection of reality and the imagination.