This study was conducted on sixty adult albino rats in attempt to evaluate the effect of calcium, vitamink, low intensity laser therapy and their combination on the histopathlogical bony changes in induced osteoporosis. Ten rats were maintained on normal diet, the remaining fifty rats were divided into three groups. Group A was received no drug. Group B was received calcium and subjected to laser on right side. Group C was received calcium and vitamin K and subjected to laser on the right side

BACKGROUND: Two randomised trials assessing the effectiveness of decompressive craniectomy (DC) following traumatic brain injury (TBI) were published in recent years: DECRA in 2011 and RESCUEicp in 2016. As the results have generated debate amongst clinicians and researchers working in the field of TBI worldwide, it was felt necessary to provide general guidance on the use of DC following TBI and identify areas of ongoing uncertainty via a consensus-based approach.

METHODS: The International Consensus Meeting on the Role of Decompressive Craniectomy in the Management of Traumatic Brain Injury took place in Cambridge, UK, on the 28th and 29th September 2017. The meeting was jointly organised by the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS), AO/Global Neuro and the NIHR Global Health Research Group on Neurotrauma. Discussions and voting were organised around six pre-specified themes: (1) primary DC for mass lesions, (2) secondary DC for intracranial hypertension, (3) peri-operative care, (4) surgical technique, (5) cranial reconstruction and (6) DC in low- and middle-income countries.

RESULTS: The invited participants discussed existing published evidence and proposed consensus statements. Statements required an agreement threshold of more than 70% by blinded voting for approval.

CONCLUSIONS: In this manuscript, we present the final consensus-based recommendations. We have also identified areas of uncertainty, where further research is required, including the role of primary DC, the role of hinge craniotomy and the optimal timing and material for skull reconstruction.

The driving patterns in developing countries, especially in metropolitan cities, are significantly different from those in developed countries or less-populated cities. However, most of the vehicles driven in these cities are tested using driving cycles that do not match those special driving characteristics, typically resulting in an underestimation or overestimation of the emission rates. In this study, a first driving cycle of passenger cars with gasoline engines is proposed for Greater Cairo, Egypt, based on a very large and diverse dataset of high-resolution onboard measurements, recorded using 87 cars driven in 10 distinctive areas in Greater Cairo. Two global driving cycles have been developed based on the commonly used K-means and the newly suggested K-medoids clustering techniques. The developed cycle based on the K-medoids algorithm, which was found more representative of the collected data, is a time series of speed, $\sim$1500 s, covering a distance of $\sim$5.4 km, with an average speed of 12.480 km/h, where 16.3% of the total duration spent in the idling mode. The superiority of the developed cycle over two commonly used cycles, namely the American transient FTP-75 cycle and the European modal ECE cycle, in terms of estimated fuel consumption and emission rates, is reported.

Captivity to the travel mode is a phenomenon of urban transport in developing countries. Mode choice behavior in cities of the developing countries is constrained and dictated by such reality that many travelers are not always enjoying the freedom of selecting the desired mode of travel. The objective of the paper is to examine mode captivities and the underlying reasons with application on Grater Cairo, utilizing two surveys carried out as part of the latest transport study finalized in 2003; home interview and revealed preference surveys. The paper starts by grouping and discussing mode choice and mode captivity in developing countries cities as related to the different factors. Then, based on the surveys results, mode captive travelers are identified and their socio-economic and trip characteristics within the two samples are examined. The considered modes are formal transit common bus, informal shared taxi, metro and private car. Next, the reasons of "choice" and "non-choice" of modes are investigated in detail. Finally, a logit model is calibrated to examine mode choice elasticities/cross elasticities of captive travelers. This facilitates investigating the sensitivity of mode choice probabilities for captive travelers to changes in transport system variables, such as mainly travel time and travel cost. The paper ends with concluding remarks and suggestions for further work.