ABSTRACT This study aimed at elucidating the genetic variation within and between duck populations and estimating the phylogenetic relationships among them. Five duck breeds of two species, Muscovy and Sudani of Cairina species, and White Pekin, Damietti and Khaki Campbell of Anas species, were used. The technique of random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD-PCR) was applied using five random primers. Individual DNA samples within breed and also a bulk of DNA samples for each breed were used. Primers amplified bands with an overall mean of 8.45 and 8.68 bands for individual and pooled samples, respectively. No significant difference was observed between pooled and individual samples indicating the reliability of mixing DNA samples within breed. High levels of polymorphism and heterozygosity between breeds were obtained. Two primers (OPC-08 and OPC-11), resulted in highly polymorphic markers for duck genomes. Specific bands were obtained for species and also for breeds. The overall mean of genetic variability indices within breed was low to moderate and averaged 0.38, whereas band sharing levels within breed were high and averaged 0.73. Variability estimates between breeds were 0.47 and 0.35 for individual and pooled samples respectively, whereas band sharing estimates were 0.63 and 0.74. Genetic distance indices between breeds ranged between 0.264 and 0.728.

Purpose: Evaluation of the accuracy of FNAC in the preoperative diagnosis of different thyroid lesions.
Patients and methods: This is a retrospective study of 296 diagnosed cases of thyroid nodules referred to cytology unit, pathology department, NCI, who underwent preoperative cytologic diagnosis. The results were categorized into: insufficient for diagnosis, benign, atypical follicular lesion of undetermined significance, follicular neoplasm, suspicious for malignancy, and malignant sampling according to the recent Bethesda classification. The final histologic diagnosis and/ or follow up ultrasonography assessment for non-neoplastic lesions were considered the gold standard.
Results: The study included 296 cases presented with thyroid nodules who underwent preoperative diagnostic thyroid FNAC. Male to female ratio was 5.2:1, and the median age was 44 years. 98 cases (33.1%) were diagnosed as benign, 40 cases (13.5%) as follicular lesion of undetermined significance, 49 cases (16.5%) as follicular neoplasm, 30 cases (10.1%) as suspicious for malignancy, 58 cases (19.5%) as malignant, and 21 cases (7.1%) as unsatisfactory. Nodular hyperplasia represented the majority of benign cases (89.8%), while papillary carcinoma was the most frequent malignant lesion (72.4%). Cytologic diagnoses were compared with their corresponding final histologic ones. FNAC achieved a sensitivity of 92.8, specificity of 94.2%, positive predictive value of 94.9%, negative predictive value of 91.8%, false positive rate of 7.2%, false negative rate of 5.8%, and a total accuracy of 93.6%.
Conclusion: FNA cytology is a sensitive, specific, and accurate initial diagnostic test for the preoperative evaluation of patients with thyroid swellings.

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