The present study investigated the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in 14 Egyptian mango specimens collected from three different regions and of different cultivars (cvs). VOCs were extracted via solid-phase microextraction, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. The results obtained for sesquiterpene hydrocarbons' qualitative abundance were represented by 28 peaks, whereas monoterpene hydrocarbons amounted for the highest levels in most of the mango cvs. Multivariate data analyses were employed for sample classification and identification of markers. Unsupervised principal component analysis revealed that "zebdia" cv from the three origins combined together being enriched in terpinolene. Moreover, supervised orthogonal partial least square-discriminant analysis identified β-terpinene and ()-geranylacetone in the premium "awees" cv. The impact of probiotic bacteria on mango juice aroma was further assessed revealing no potential changes in the composition. This study provides the first comprehensive insights into Egyptian mango aroma and reveals that the cv type overcomes the geographical origin in their aroma profile.

The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to be a cause of unprecedented global morbidity and mortality. Whilst COVID-19 vaccination has emerged as the only tangible solution to reducing poor clinical outcomes, vaccine hesitancy continues to be an obstacle to achieving high levels of vaccine uptake. This represents particular risk to patients with autoimmune diseases, a group already at increased risk of hospitalization and poor clinical outcomes related to COVID-19 infection. Whilst there is a paucity of long-term safety and efficacy data of COVID-19 vaccination in patients with autoimmune diseases, the current evidence strongly suggests that the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks of adverse effects and disease flares. Herein, we report the protocol of the COVID-19 Vaccination in Autoimmune Diseases (COVAD) study, an ongoing international collaborative study involving 29 countries and over 110 investigators.

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Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is the most important virus causing pathological disorders in horses and causes persistent outbreaks of upper respiratory tract infection, ocular affections, abortion, and neurological disorders with high mortality in Arabian horses in Egypt. As EHV-1 is a very contagious disease, the quick and accurate diagnosis are important to broaden our understanding of EHV-1 in the field, implicate strong preventive, and control measures. Sixty-six samples collected over a period of 4 years were examined. Most of samples originated from Cairo and Giza governorates from respiratory, abortigenic and neurological outbreaks. EHV-1 was diagnosed in these clinical cases by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody against EHV-1 glycoprotein B and molecular detection using gB, ORF33 specific real-time PCR. Molecular characterization of glycoprotein B (gB, ORF33) gene was applied for confirmation. Molecular characterization revealed that the ORF33 sequences of this study were identical. These sequences were closely related to the European EHV-1 strains. Furthermore, EHV-1 sequences in this study showed little to no differences for the amino acid sequences compared to previously published sequences. This study would be valuable for monitoring of EHV-1 infection in Egypt and determining the gB gene sequence of newly identified EHV-1 field strains which is the most conserved region in the viral DNA and frequently used as a target for diagnostic PCR protocols for the future outbreaks.

Equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) is an important virus causing pathological disorders in horses. This highly contagious pathogen causes persistent outbreaks of upper respiratory tract infection, ocular affections, abortion, and neurological disorders with high mortality in Arabian horses in Egypt. The quick and accurate diagnosis is important to broaden our understanding about EHV-1 in the field, and to implicate stronger preventive, and control measures. Sixty-six Arabian horses from Cairo and Giza governorates were sampled from respiratory, abortigenic and neurological outbreaks over a period of 4 years. EHV-1 was diagnosed in these cases by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibody against EHV-1 glycoprotein B and molecular detection using gB, ORF33 specific real-time PCR. EHV-1 was detected in 25 cases, mostly from abortigenic outbreaks (14 abortions, 3 stillbirths, and two early neonatal deaths), in addition to 5 respiratory affections and single EHV-1 myeloencephalopathy. Molecular characterization revealed that the ORF33 sequences from this study were almost identical and closely related to the European EHV-1 strains. Furthermore, no difference in the amino acid sequences compared to previously published EHV-1 sequences from Egypt. The data in this study provides some insights about the prevalance of EHV-1 infection in Arabian horses, discusses EHV-1 diagnostic approaches, highlights the importance of accurate diagnosis and the importance of pregnant mare vaccination, and adds to the previous knowledge about EHV-1 in Egypt which may help in better controlling EHV-1 infections in the future.

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