Sixty Bubaline milk samples with corresponding blood samples were obtained from flocks at random in Cairo and Giza Governorates. The aerobic bacteria & somatic cells were counted and evaluated the physicochemical parameters of milk. Both milk and serum of buffaloes' were evaluated for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interferon (IFN-ɤ) by quantitative real-time PCR protocol, and oxidative stress markers were measured spectrophotometrically. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the mean values of whole milk physicochemical aspects except the moisture % & pH values were recorded for infested and non-infested animals. For F. gigantica infested animals, the milk TNF-α, IL-1β, interferon IFN-γ, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values were 17.5 ± 0.67, 18.5 ± 0.71, 19.25 ± 0.74, 7.75 ± 0.29, and 1.1 ± 0.04, respectively (lesser than serum values) with a significant difference (p < 0.05) between positive and negative samples for both examined serum and milk samples. There was also a significant (p < 0.05) negative relationship between MSCC & fat% and protein%, while a significant (p < 0.05) positive relationship between MSCC and the investigated milk cytokines in F. gigantica infested animals. This study is considered one of the fewest investigations of milk cytokines and oxidative stress markers in buffaloes fascioliasis diagnosis. Meanwhile, monitoring these genes modification that is active in the milk-producing gland is significant to typify the act technicality of the inherited immunity that helps the progress of schemes to retain the udder health.

This paper presents the results of an approach to automatically acquire large-scale, probabilistic Lexical-Functional Grammar (LFG) resources for Arabic from the Penn Arabic Treebank (ATB). Our starting point is the earlier, work of (Tounsi et al., 2009) on automatic LFG f(eature)-structure annotation for Arabic using the ATB. They exploit tree configuration, POS categories, functional tags, local heads and trace information to annotate nodes with LFG feature-structure equations. We utilize this annotation to automatically acquire grammatical function (dependency) based subcategorization frames and paths linking long-distance dependencies (LDDs). Many state-of-the-art treebank-based probabilistic parsing approaches are scalable and robust but often also shallow: they do not capture LDDs and represent only local information. Subcategorization frames and LDD paths can be used to recover LDDs from such parser output to capture deep linguistic information. Automatic acquisition of language resources from existing treebanks saves time and effort involved in creating such resources by hand. Moreover, data-driven automatic acquisition naturally associates probabilistic information with subcategorization frames and LDD paths. Finally, based on the statistical distribution of LDD path types, we propose empirical bounds on traditional regular expression based functional uncertainty equations used to handle LDDs in LFG.

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Molecular and immunological aspects of heterophyid infections in mullets are scanty. This study was initiated to identify heterophyid encysted metacercariae infecting gray mullet Mugil cephalus by morphological and molecular assays and to evaluate its immunological effects on infected mullets. Both farmed fish, from a private farm nearby Lake Manzala in Damietta, Egypt, and wild-caught fish, from the Mediterranean Sea in Alexandria, were investigated. The presence of heterophyid encysted metacercariae was significantly higher (80%) in wild than in farmed fish (30%). Morphological identification of metacercariae showed characteristic features of H. heterophyes. The result of sequences of 28S and ITS2 rDNA regions of Heterophyes EMC was consistent with the morphological data. The gene expression analysis of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) in tissues of infected fish qRT-PCR showed a significant increase (p < 0.05). Encysted metacercariae were detected microscopically in sections of infected fish with variable histopathological lesions.