Publications

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2024
El-Saied, M. A., M. M. Attia, Marwa A Ibrahim, M. Elaish, and M. R. Mousa, Morphomolecular identification of heavy parasitic typhlitis in layer flocks: tissue response and cell-mediated reaction, , vol. 66, issue 1: BioMed Central London, pp. 27, 2024. Abstract
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Makio, T., K. Zhang, N. Love, F. D. Mast, X. Liu, M. Elaish, T. Hobman, J. D. Aitchison, B. M. A. Fontoura, and R. W. Wozniak, SARS-CoV-2 Orf6 is positioned in the nuclear pore complex by Rae1 to inhibit nucleocytoplasmic transport, , vol. 35, issue 5: The American Society for Cell Biology, pp. ar62, 2024. Abstract
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Xu, Z., M. Elaish, C. P. Wong, B. B. Hassan, J. Lopez-Orozco, A. Felix-Lopez, N. S. Ogando, L. Nagata, L. K. Mahal, and A. Kumar, The Wnt/β-catenin pathway is important for replication of SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogenic RNA viruses, , vol. 2, issue 1: Nature Publishing Group UK London, pp. 6, 2024. Abstract
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2023
Bui, D. T., J. Favell, E. N. Kitova, Z. Li, K. A. McCord, E. N. Schmidt, F. Mozaneh, M. Elaish, A. El-Hawiet, and Y. St-Pierre, Absolute affinities from quantitative shotgun glycomics using concentration-independent (COIN) native mass spectrometry, , vol. 9, issue 7: American Chemical Society, pp. 1374 - 1387, 2023. Abstract
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Ahmed, E. L. - S., H. Mekky, M. Bosila, K. Elbayoumi, M. Amer, and M. Elaish, Investigation of aspergillosis outbreak in young ducklings: Unraveling the role of hatcheries in Aspergillus fumigatus transmission, , vol. 10, issue 4: Network for the Veterinarians of Bangladesh, pp. 763, 2023. Abstract
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El-Shemy, A. A., M. Bosila, H. Mekky, F. Radwan, K. M. ELBAYOUMI, M. M. Amer, and M. Elaish, Molecular diagnosis and identification of avian influenza H5N8 in Pekin ducks, , vol. 87, 2023. Abstract
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Lopez-Orozco, J., N. Fayad, J. Q. Khan, A. Felix-Lopez, M. Elaish, M. Rohamare, M. Sharma, D. Falzarano, J. Pelletier, and J. Wilson, The RNA interference effector protein argonaute 2 functions as a restriction factor against SARS-CoV-2, , vol. 435, issue 16: Academic Press, pp. 168170, 2023. Abstract
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Roczkowsky, A., D. Limonta, J. P. Fernandes, W. G. Branton, M. Clarke, B. Hlavay, R. S. Noyce, J. T. Joseph, N. S. Ogando, S. K. Das, et al., "COVID-19 induces neuroinflammation and suppresses peroxisomes in the brain", Ann Neurol, 2023. AbstractWebsite

Peroxisome injury occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) during multiple virus infections that result in neurological disabilities. We investigated host neuroimmune responses and peroxisome biogenesis factors during SARS-CoV-2 infection using a multiplatform strategy.|Brain tissues from COVID-19 (n=12) and other disease control (ODC) (n=12) patients, as well as primary human neural cells and Syrian hamsters, infected with a clinical variant of SARS-CoV-2, were investigated by ddPCR, RT-qPCR and immunodetection methods.|SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in the CNS of four patients with COVID-19 with viral protein (NSP3 and spike) immunodetection in the brainstem. Olfactory bulb, brainstem, and cerebrum from patients with COVID-19 showed induction of pro-inflammatory transcripts (IL8, IL18, CXCL10, NOD2) and cytokines (GM-CSF and IL-18) compared to CNS tissues from ODC patients (p<0.05). Peroxisome biogenesis factor transcripts (PEX3, PEX5L, PEX11β and PEX14) and proteins (PEX3, PEX14, PMP70) were suppressed in the CNS of COVID-19 patients compared to ODCs (p<0.05). SARS-CoV-2 infection of hamsters revealed viral RNA detection in the olfactory bulb at days 4 and 7 post-infection while inflammatory gene expression was upregulated in the cerebrum of infected animals by day 14 post-infection (p<0.05). Pex3 transcript levels together with catalase and PMP70 immunoreactivity were suppressed in the cerebrum of SARS-CoV-2 infected animals (p<0.05).|COVID-19 induced sustained neuroinflammatory responses with peroxisome biogenesis factor suppression despite limited brainstem SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism in humans. These observations offer insights into developing biomarkers and therapies, while also implicating persistent peroxisome dysfunction as a contributor to the neurological post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

2022
Xu, Z., J. H. Choi, D. L. Dai, J. Luo, R. J. Ladak, Q. Li, Y. Wang, C. Zhang, S. Wiebe, A. C. H. Liu, et al., "SARS-CoV-2 impairs interferon production via NSP2-induced repression of mRNA translation", Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, vol. 119, no. 32, pp. e2204539119, 2022. AbstractWebsite

Viruses evade the innate immune response by suppressing the production or activity of cytokines such as type I interferons (IFNs). Here we report the discovery of a mechanism by which the SARS-CoV-2 virus coopts an intrinsic cellular machinery to suppress the production of the key immunostimulatory cytokine IFN-β. We reveal that the SARS-CoV-2 encoded nonstructural protein 2 (NSP2) directly interacts with the cellular GIGYF2 protein. This interaction enhances the binding of GIGYF2 to the mRNA cap-binding protein 4EHP, thereby repressing the translation of the

Nguyen, L., K. A. McCord, D. T. Bui, K. M. Bouwman, E. N. Kitova, M. Elaish, D. Kumawat, G. C. Daskhan, I. Tomris, L. Han, et al., "Sialic acid-containing glycolipids mediate binding and viral entry of SARS-CoV-2", Nat Chem Biol, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 81-90, 2022. AbstractWebsite

Emerging evidence suggests that host glycans influence severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Here, we reveal that the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the spike (S) protein on SARS-CoV-2 recognizes oligosaccharides containing sialic acid (Sia), with preference for monosialylated gangliosides. Gangliosides embedded within an artificial membrane also bind to the RBD. The monomeric affinities (K

2021
Kumar, A., R. Ishida, T. Strilets, J. Cole, J. Lopez-Orozco, N. Fayad, A. Felix-Lopez, M. Elaish, D. Evseev, and K. E. Magor, SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 1 inhibits the interferon response by causing depletion of key host signaling factors., : American Society for Microbiology 1752 N St., NW, Washington, DC, pp. JVI - 00266, 2021. Abstract
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Ishida, R., J. Cole, J. Lopez-Orozco, N. Fayad, A. Felix-Lopez, M. Elaish, S. Y. Luo, O. Julien, A. Kumar, and T. C. Hobman, "Mayaro Virus Non-Structural Protein 2 Circumvents the Induction of Interferon in Part by Depleting Host Transcription Initiation Factor IIE Subunit 2", Cells, vol. 10, no. 12, 2021. AbstractWebsite

Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an emerging mosquito-transmitted virus that belongs to the genus

2020
Heindel, D. W., S. Koppolu, Y. Zhang, B. Kasper, L. Meche, C. A. Vaiana, S. J. Bissel, C. E. Carter, A. A. Kelvin, and M. Elaish, Glycomic analysis of host response reveals high mannose as a key mediator of influenza severity, , vol. 117, issue 43: National Acad Sciences, pp. 26926 - 26935, 2020. Abstract
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Kc, M., J. M. Ngunjiri, J. Lee, J. Ahn, M. Elaish, A. Ghorbani, M. E. C. Abundo, K. Lee, and C. W. Lee, "Avian Toll-like receptor 3 isoforms and evaluation of Toll-like receptor 3-mediated immune responses using knockout quail fibroblast cells", Poult Sci, vol. 99, no. 12, pp. 6513-6524, 2020. AbstractWebsite

Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) induces host innate immune response on recognition of viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). Although several studies of avian TLR3 have been reported, none of these studies used a gene knockout (KO) model to directly assess its role in inducing the immune response and effect on other dsRNA receptors. In this study, we determined the coding sequence of quail TLR3, identified isoforms, and generated TLR3 KO quail fibroblast (QT-35) cells using a CRISPR/Cas9 system optimized for avian species. The TLR3-mediated immune response was studied by stimulating the wild-type (WT) and KO QT-35 cells with synthetic dsRNA or polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)] or infecting the cells with different RNA viruses such as influenza A virus, avian reovirus, and vesicular stomatitis virus. The direct poly(I:C) treatment significantly increased IFN-β and IL-8 gene expression along with the cytoplasmic dsRNA receptor, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), in WT cells, whereas no changes in all corresponding genes were observed in KO cells. We further confirmed the antiviral effects of poly(I:C)-induced TLR3-mediated immunity by demonstrating significant reduction of virus titer in poly(I:C)-treated WT cells, but not in TLR3 KO cells. On virus infection, varying levels of IFN-β, IL-8, TLR3, and MDA5 gene upregulation were observed depending on the viruses. No major differences in gene expression level were observed between WT and TLR3 KO cells, which suggests a relatively minor role of TLR3 in sensing and exerting immune response against the viruses tested in vitro. Our data show that quail TLR3 is an important endosomal dsRNA receptor responsible for regulation of type I interferon and proinflammatory cytokine, and affect the expression of MDA5, another dsRNA receptor, most likely through cytokine-mediated communication.

Abundo, M. E. C., J. M. Ngunjiri, K. J. M. Taylor, H. Ji, A. Ghorbani, M. Kc, M. Elaish, H. Jang, B. Weber, T. J. Johnson, et al., "Evaluation of Sampling Methods for the Study of Avian Respiratory Microbiota", Avian Dis, vol. 64, no. 3, pp. 277-285, 2020. AbstractWebsite
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Taylor, K. J. M., J. M. Ngunjiri, M. C. Abundo, H. Jang, M. Elaish, A. Ghorbani, M. Kc, B. P. Weber, T. J. Johnson, and C. W. Lee, "Respiratory and Gut Microbiota in Commercial Turkey Flocks with Disparate Weight Gain Trajectories Display Differential Compositional Dynamics", Appl Environ Microbiol, vol. 86, no. 12, 2020. AbstractWebsite

Communities of gut bacteria (microbiota) are known to play roles in resistance to pathogen infection and optimal weight gain in turkey flocks. However, knowledge of turkey respiratory microbiota and its link to gut microbiota is lacking. This study presents a 16S rRNA gene-based census of the turkey respiratory microbiota (nasal cavity and trachea) alongside gut microbiota (cecum and ileum) in two identical commercial Hybrid Converter turkey flocks raised in parallel under typical field commercial conditions. The flocks were housed in adjacent barns during the brood stage and in geographically separated farms during the grow-out stage. Several bacterial taxa, primarily

2019
Ghorbani, A., J. M. Ngunjiri, M. Xia, M. Elaish, H. Jang, K. C. Mahesh, M. C. Abundo, X. Jiang, and C. - W. Lee, Heterosubtypic protection against avian influenza virus by live attenuated and chimeric norovirus P-particle-M2e vaccines in chickens, , vol. 37, issue 10: Elsevier, pp. 1356 - 1364, 2019. Abstract
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Ngunjiri, J. M., K. J. M. Taylor, M. C. Abundo, H. Jang, M. Elaish, K. C. Mahesh, A. Ghorbani, S. Wijeratne, B. P. Weber, and T. J. Johnson, "Farm stage, bird age, and body site dominantly affect the quantity, taxonomic composition, and dynamics of respiratory and gut microbiota of commercial layer chickens", Appl. Environ. Microbiol., vol. 85, issue 9: American Society for Microbiology, pp. e03137-18, 2019. Abstract
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Elaish, M., M. Xia, J. M. Ngunjiri, A. Ghorbani, H. Jang, M. Kc, M. C. Abundo, S. Dhakal, R. Gourapura, X. Jiang, et al., "Protective immunity against influenza virus challenge by norovirus P particle-M2e and HA2-AtCYN vaccines in chickens", Vaccine, vol. 37, no. 43, pp. 6454-6462, 2019. AbstractWebsite
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Ngunjiri, J. M., A. Ghorbani, H. Jang, S. Waliullah, M. Elaish, M. C. Abundo, K. C. Mahesh, K. J. M. Taylor, R. E. Porter, and C. - W. Lee, "Specific-pathogen-free Turkey model for reoviral arthritis", Veterinary microbiology, vol. 235: Elsevier, pp. 170-179, 2019. Abstract
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2018
Jang, H., M. Elaish, M. Kc, M. C. Abundo, A. Ghorbani, J. M. Ngunjiri, and C. W. Lee, "Efficacy and synergy of live-attenuated and inactivated influenza vaccines in young chickens", PLoS One, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. e0195285, 2018. AbstractWebsite
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2017
Jang, H., Y. K. Jackson, J. B. Daniels, A. Ali, K. I. Kang, M. Elaish, and C. W. Lee, "Seroprevalence of three influenza A viruses (H1N1, H3N2, and H3N8) in pet dogs presented to a veterinary hospital in Ohio", J Vet Sci, vol. 18, issue S1, pp. 291-298, 2017. AbstractWebsite

The prevalence of canine H3N8 influenza and human H1N1 and H3N2 influenza in dogs in Ohio was estimated by conducting serologic tests on 1,082 canine serum samples. In addition, risk factors, such as health status and age were examined. The prevalences of human H1N1, H3N2, and canine H3N8 influenzas were 4.0%, 2.4%, and 2.3%, respectively. Two samples were seropositive for two subtypes (H1N1 and H3N2; H1N1 and canine influenza virus [CIV] H3N8). Compared to healthy dogs, dogs with respiratory signs were 5.795 times more likely to be seropositive against H1N1 virus (p = 0.042). The prevalence of human flu infection increased with dog age and varied by serum collection month. The commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay used in this study did not detect nucleoprotein-specific antibodies from many hemagglutination inhibition positive sera, which indicates a need for the development and validation of rapid tests for influenza screening in canine populations. In summary, we observed low exposure of dogs to CIV and human influenza viruses in Ohio but identified potential risk factors for consideration in future investigations. Our findings support the need for establishment of reliable diagnostic standards for serologic detection of influenza infection in canine species.

Elaish, M., J. M. Ngunjiri, A. Ali, M. Xia, M. Ibrahim, H. Jang, J. Hiremath, S. Dhakal, Y. A. Helmy, X. Jiang, et al., "Supplementation of inactivated influenza vaccine with norovirus P particle-M2e chimeric vaccine enhances protection against heterologous virus challenge in chickens", PLoS One, vol. 12, issue 2, pp. e0171174, 2017. AbstractWebsite

The current inactivated influenza vaccines provide satisfactory protection against homologous viruses but limited cross-protection against antigenically divergent strains. Consequently, there is a need to develop more broadly protective vaccines. The highly conserved extracellular domain of the matrix protein 2 (M2e) has shown promising results as one of the components of a universal influenza vaccine in different animal models. As an approach to overcome the limited, strain specific, protective efficacy of inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV), a combination of recombinant M2e expressed on the surface of norovirus P particle (M2eP) and IIV was tested in chickens. Co-immunization of birds with both vaccines did not affect the production of M2e-specific IgG antibodies compared to the group vaccinated with M2eP alone. However, the co-immunized birds developed significantly higher pre-challenge hemagglutination inhibition antibody titers against the homologous IIV antigen and heterologous challenge virus. These combined vaccine groups also had cross reactive antibody responses against different viruses (H5, H6, and H7 subtypes) compared to the IIV alone vaccinated group. Upon intranasal challenge with homologous and heterologous viruses, the combined vaccine groups showed greater reduction in viral shedding in tracheal swabs compared to those groups receiving IIV alone. Moreover, M2eP antisera from vaccinated birds were able to bind to the native M2 expressed on the surface of whole virus particles and infected cells, and inhibit virus replication in vitro. Our results support the potential benefit of supplementing IIV with M2eP, to expand the vaccine cross protective efficacy.

2016