Maisa Mansour

This paper aims to identify the most common fungal species that grow on paper manuscripts and cause bio-deterioration. It also detects
the impact of additive materials on fungal degrading and builds a wide database. Thus, it helps conservators understand this phenomenon.
Design/methodology/approach – In total, 15 samples were collected from different paper manuscripts suffering from fungi. The achievement of
the study objectives depends on using a variety of analyzes, such as a microbiological study, which indicated that three main fungi grew on the
paper samples. Then, a digital microscope and an environmental scanning electron microscope were used to detect the effect of fungi on paper
fibers. Fourier transform infrared microscopy was used to identify the binding medium and the X-ray diffraction method was used to measure the
crystallinity index of cellulose of the paper samples.
Findings – Arabic gum was used as a binder medium with the samples. Aspergillus Niger, Aspergillus Fumigatus and Aspergillus Clavatus were the
most common fungal species that grew on the Qur’an papers under investigation. They also caused much common damage to the paper samples.
The results of the analyzes also showed that the highest crystallinity index of cellulose was in the samples that contained the lowest rate of fungal
growth.
Originality/value – This paper highlights the relationship between fungal degradation and the multi-component nature of paper manuscripts. It
builds a wide database that correlates the composition and the degradation of the Qur’an papers.