@article {Wolpert2010353,
	title = {Estrogen exposure and bladder cancer risk in Egyptian women},
	journal = {Maturitas},
	volume = {67},
	number = {4},
	year = {2010},
	note = {<p>cited By (since 1996)15</p>
},
	pages = {353-357},
	abstract = {<p>Objective: To examine associations between reproductive history and urinary bladder cancer in Egyptian women. Methods: We used questionnaire data from an ongoing, multicenter case-control study in Egypt. Controls were matched on age and residence area. This analysis focused on female cases with confirmed urothelial (UC) and squamous cell (SCC) carcinoma of the bladder. Results: We recruited 779 women (540 controls, 239 cases; \&gt;98.0\% nonsmokers). Younger age at menopause (\&lt;45 y) and older age at first pregnancy (\&gt;18 y) were factors significantly associated with increased risk of bladder cancer, even after adjusting for schistosomiasis history and other covariates in the multivariable logistic model; adjusted odds ratio and 95\% confidence intervals were 1.98 (1.41, 2.77) and 6.26 (3.46, 11.34), respectively. On the other hand, multiple pregnancies or use of oral contraceptives were associated with decreased odds of having bladder cancer. Similar associations were observed with UC and SCC when analyzed separately; however, the magnitude of association with SCC was lower than with UC. Conclusion: Our data suggest that early estrogen exposure, or the relative lack of it, plays a role in urinary bladder carcinoma development among Egyptian women. {\textcopyright} 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.</p>
},
	keywords = {Adult, Age Distribution, Age Factors, Aged, article, bladder carcinoma, bladder squamous cell carcinoma, cancer risk, Carcinoma, Case-Control Studies, Contraceptives, controlled study, Egypt, Estrogen, Estrogens, Female, human, Humans, Logistic Models, major clinical study, medical history, Menarche, Menopause, Middle Aged, Multiple, multiple pregnancy, Multivariate Analysis, Odds Ratio, Oral, oral contraceptive agent, Pregnancy, questionnaire, Questionnaires, Reproductive History, Risk Factors, Schistosomiasis, Squamous Cell, Urinary Bladder Neoplasms, women{\textquoteright}s health},
	issn = {03785122},
	doi = {10.1016/j.maturitas.2010.07.014},
	url = {http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-78649522332\&partnerID=40\&md5=f0dc7fab89a4297a216cc37c1687b01e},
	author = {Wolpert, B.J.a and Amr, S.a and Ezzat, S.b and Saleh, D.c and Gouda, I.d and Loay, I.d and Hifnawy, T.h and Mikhail, N.N.e and Abdel-Hamid, M.f and Zhan, M.a and Zheng, Y.-L.g and Squibb, K.a and Abdel-Aziz, M.A.e and Zaghloul, M.d and Khaled, H.d and Loffredo, C.A.g}
}
