@article {206911,
	title = {Modulation of immune functions, inflammatory response, and cytokine production following long-term oral exposure to three food additives; thiabendazole, monosodium glutamate, and brilliant blue in rats.},
	journal = {International immunopharmacology},
	volume = {98},
	year = {2021},
	pages = {107902},
	abstract = {<p>The food additives thiabendazole (TBZ), monosodium glutamate (MSG), and brilliant blue (BB) are commonly used in many daily-consumed food products worldwide. They are widely used in major agricultural and industrial applications. Yet, many of its toxicological aspects are still unclear, especially immune modulation. This research was therefore intended to investigate the effects of male Wistar rats{\textquoteright} daily oral exposure for 90~days to TBZ (10~mg/kg b.wt), MSG (20~mg/kg b.wt), or BB (1.2~mg/kg b.wt) on the blood cells, immunity, and inflammatory indicators. The three tested food additives showed varying degrees of hematological alterations. Initially, megaloblastic anemia and thrombocytopenia were evident with the three tested food additives. At the same time, TBZ showed no significant changes in the leukogram element except eosinopenia. MSG induced leukopenia, lymphocytopenia, neutrophilia, and eosinophilia. BB evoked neutrophilia and lymphopenia. The immunoglobins M (IgM) and IgG were significantly reduced with the three tested food additives. In contrast, lysozyme and nitric oxide levels were elevated. A reduced considerably lymphocyte proliferation was detected with TBZ and MSG exposure without affecting the phagocytic activity. Various pathologic disturbances in splenic tissues have been detected. An obvious increase in CD4 but a lessening in CD8 immunolabeling was evident in TBZ and MSG groups. The cytokines, including interferon-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interleukin 1β, 6, 10, and 13, were significantly upregulated in the spleen of rats exposed to TBZ, MSG, and BB. These results concluded that TBZ, MSG, and BB negatively affect hematological parameters, innate and humoral immune functions together with inflammatory responses. TBZ achieved the maximal negative impacts followed by MSG and finally with BB. Given the prevalence of these food additives, TBZ and MSG should be limited to a minimal volume use, or natural food additives should be used instead.</p>
},
	author = {Motwadie, Mina E and Mohamed M. Hashem and Khaled Abo-EL-Sooud and Yasmina M. Abd-Elhakim and Abeer E. El-Metwally and Haytham A. Ali}
}
