@article {161436,
	title = {Sodium Acetate, Sodium Acid Pyrophosphate, and Citric Acid Impacts on Isolated Peripheral Lymphocyte Viability, Proliferation, and DNA Damage.},
	journal = {Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology},
	volume = {32},
	year = {2018},
	month = {2018 Aug},
	pages = {e22171},
	abstract = {<p>The present study examined the impacts of sodium acetate (SA), sodium acid pyrophosphate (SAPP), and citric acid (CA) on the viability, proliferation, and DNA damage of isolated lymphocytes in vitro. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays were adopted to evaluate cell viability, while comet assay was employed to assess the genotoxic effects. The cells were incubated with different levels of SA (50, 100, and 200~mM), SAPP (25, 50, and 100~mM/L), or CA (100, 200, and 300~μg/mL). The lymphocytes treated with the tested food additives showed concentration-dependent decreases in both cell viability and proliferation. A concentration-dependent increase in LDH release was also observed. The comet assay results indicated that SA, SAPP, and CA increased DNA damage percentage, tail DNA percentage, tail length, and tail moment in a concentration-dependent manner. The current results showed that SA, SAPP, and CA are cytotoxic and genotoxic to isolated lymphocytes in vitro.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Cell Proliferation, cell survival, Citric acid, Comet Assay, Diphosphates, DNA Damage, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Food Additives, L-Lactate Dehydrogenase, Limit of Detection, Lymphocytes, Male, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Sodium Acetate},
	issn = {1099-0461},
	doi = {10.1002/jbt.22171},
	author = {Yasmina M. Abd-Elhakim and Abeer Anwar and Mohamed M. Hashem and Gihan G. Moustafa and Khaled Abo-EL-Sooud}
}
