@article {206886,
	title = {Wheat and maize-derived water-washed and unwashed biochar improved the nutrients phytoavailability and the grain and straw yield of rice and wheat: A field trial for sustainable management of paddy soils},
	journal = {Journal of Environmental Management},
	volume = {297},
	year = {2021},
	note = {<p>n/a</p>
},
	month = {2021},
	pages = {113250},
	abstract = {<p>A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of different biochars on grain yield and phytoavailability and uptake of macro- and micro-nutrients by rice and wheat grown in a paddy soil in a rotation. Soil was treated with i) maize raw (un-washed) biochar (MRB), ii) maize water-washed biochar (MWB), iii) wheat raw biochar (WRB) or iv) wheat water-washed biochar (WWB) and untreated soil was used as control (CF). Inorganic fertilizers were applied to all soils while biochar treated soils received 20 ton ha-1 of designated biochar before rice cultivation in rice-wheat rotation. The WRB significantly (P~\&lt;~0.05) increased rice grain yield and straw by up to 49\%, compared to the CF. Biochar addition, particularly WRB, significantly increased the availability of N, P, K and their content in the grain (26{\textendash}37\%) and straw (22{\textendash}37\%) of rice and wheat. Also, the availability and grain content of Fe, Mn, Zn, and Cu increased significantly after biochar addition, particularly after the WRB, due to WRB water dissolved C acting as a carrier for micronutrients in soil and plant. However, the water-washing process altered biochar properties, particularly the water extractable C, which decreased its efficiency. Both wheat- and maize-derived biochars, particularly the WRB, are recommended to improve nutrients availability and to improve grain yield in the rice-wheat rotation agro-ecosystem. These results shed light on the importance of crop straw transformation into an important source for soil C and nutrients necessary for sustainable management of wheat-rice agro-ecosystem. However, with the current and future alternative energy demands, the decision on using crop biomass for soil conservation or for bioenergy becomes a challenge reliant on regulatory and policy frameworks.</p>
},
	isbn = {0301-4797},
	url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479721013128},
	author = {Korai, Punhoon Khan and Sial, Tanveer Ali and Pan, Genxing and Hamada Abdelrahman and Sikdar, Ashim and Kumbhar, Farhana and Channa, Siraj Ahmed and Ali, Esmat F. and Zhang, Jianguo and J{\"o}rg Rinklebe and Sabry M. Shaheen}
}
