Kranenburg LGC, B. C. R., R. STH, Cools M, Alderson J, Muscarella M, M. E, Kuiper M, A. S, B. A, B. R, et al., "Global Application of the Assessment of Communication Skills of Paediatric Endocrinology Fellows in the Management of Differences in Sex Development Using the ESPE E-Learning.Org Portal", Horm Res Paediatr., vol. 88, issue 2, pp. 127-139, 2017.
F, A., A. S, H. E, and F. A, "Evaluation of cardiac functions in children and adolescents with type I diabetes", Cardiovasc Ultrasound, vol. 25, issue 1, pp. 12-19, 2017.
Abdel Aziz, M. T., H. H. Fouad, G. A. Mohsen, M. Mansour, and S. Abdelghaffar, "TNF-alpha and homocysteine levels in type 1 diabetes mellitus.", Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de santé de la Méditerranée orientale = al-Majallah al-ṣiḥḥīyah li-sharq al-mutawassiṭ, vol. 7, issue 4-5, pp. 679-88, 2001 Jul-Sep. Abstract

The role of homocysteine as an independent risk factor for vascular endothelial damage, and the possible link between homocysteine and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as two synergistic risk factors for beta-cell apoptosis in type 1 diabetes mellitus was studied. Plasma homocysteine levels were significantly elevated in all diabetic patients compared with controls and diabetic patients with vascular complications showed higher elevations. Furthermore, homocysteine levels showed significant positive correlation with the degree of microalbuminuria. TNF-alpha levels were elevated in all diabetic patients compared with controls. These results may have therapeutic implications.

Mazen, I., S. Lumbroso, S. Abdelghaffar, N. Salah, and C. Sultan, "Mutation of the androgen receptor (R840S) in an Egyptian patient with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome: review of the literature on the clinical expression of different R840 substitutions.", Journal of endocrinological investigation, vol. 27, issue 1, pp. 57-60, 2004 Jan. Abstract

The X-linked androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) encompasses a heterogeneous group of defects in the androgen receptor (AR) that result in varying degrees of undermasculinization. In the current study, we characterize the R840S mutation on exon 7 of the AR ligand-binding domain. The Egyptian patient, who had been reared as female, presented ambiguous genitalia at 6.5 yr. Diagnosis of partial AIS (PAIS) was based on clinical phenotype and laboratory evidence of good testosterone response and normal testosterone/dihydrotestosterone (T/DHT) ratio. The therapeutic response to testosterone depot injections justified reassignment to male sex. To our knowledge, this mutation has been reported only once in two Brazilian brothers with PAIS. Three other mutations of this residue (R840C; R840G, nonconservative; and R840H, conservative) have been reported in patients with PAIS and, when expressed in vitro, they led to subnormal transactivation of a reporter gene. Each of these mutations was associated with a very diverse spectrum of phenotypes. These data highlight the role of the AR ligand-binding pocket (LBP) in the expression of transcriptional activity during prenatal sex differentiation.

El-Mougi, F. A., S. Abd-El-Ghaffar, N. A. F. Fayek, and M. S. Mohammed, "Urinary iodine and other iodine deficiency indicators in a sample of school-age children in Egypt.", Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de santé de la Méditerranée orientale = al-Majallah al-ṣiḥḥīyah li-sharq al-mutawassiṭ, vol. 10, issue 6, pp. 863-70, 2004 Nov. Abstract

Sufficient data relating urinary iodine excretion in children to other iodine deficiency indicators are lacking in Egypt. We assayed urinary iodine concentration and serum levels of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin, free triiodothyronine (T3) and free tetraiodothyronine in 99 school-aged Egyptian children. Goitre was found in 25 children. Median urinary iodine concentration was 70 microg/L. We found mild iodine deficiency (50-99 microg/L) in 60.6 % of the children and moderate to severe deficiency (< 50 microg/L) in 31.3%. The latter showed a high frequency of goitre and elevated mean serum free T3, TSH and thyroglobulin levels. Individual urinary iodine excretion rates vary, therefore these other indicators could help in screening for iodine deficiency at an individual level, especially in moderate to severe deficiency.

Ezzeldin, Z. M., S. Abdelghaffar, E. K. El Gabry, W. A. Fahmi, and R. F. Bedair, "Is stored expressed breast milk an alternative for working Egyptian mothers?", Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de santé de la Méditerranée orientale = al-Majallah al-ṣiḥḥīyah li-sharq al-mutawassiṭ, vol. 10, issue 6, pp. 815-21, 2004 Nov. Abstract

Expression and storage of breast milk is way to maintain breastfeeding when mother and infant are separated, if the nutritional value can be conserved. Three expressed breast milk samples were collected from 61 healthy lactating mothers in Cairo, Egypt, for determination of total protein, fat, lactose and zinc content, as well as vitamins C, A and E concentrations. One sample was analysed immediately without storage, 1 after storage for 24 hours in a refrigerator (4 degrees C) and 1 after storage for 1 week in a home freezer (-4 degrees C to -8 degrees C). Refrigeration and freezing of breast milk caused a statistically significant decline in levels of vitamins C, A and E. Nevertheless, the values of all nutrients were still within the international reference ranges for mature breast milk.

Abdelghaffar, S., M. Elamir, A. El Hadidi, and F. El Mougi, "Carotid intima-media thickness: an index for subclinical atherosclerosis in type 1 diabetes.", Journal of tropical pediatrics, vol. 52, issue 1, pp. 39-45, 2006 Feb. Abstract

Cardiovascular disease and the development of coronary artery atherosclerosis play a pivotal role in increasing mortality in patients with diabetes. The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis (measured as carotid intima-media thickness [cIMT] and to study possible associated risk factors in adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Forty type 1 diabetic subjects, aged 11-30 years, with duration of diabetes 3-25 years and 40 normal healthy controls, were included. Blood pressure (BP) measurement, as well as screening for diabetic complications, was performed. Lipid profile, albumin/creatinine ratio, renal functions and glycosylated hemoglobin (HB A(1)c) were assayed. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) was measured using ultrasound. The mean aggregate cIMT was higher in diabetics than controls (0.6 mm 00 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.4 mm +/- 0.1, p = 0.000). Moreover, it was higher in patients with positive family history of type 2 diabetes than in those with negative family history (mean 0.7 mm +/- 0.1 vs. 0.6 mm +/- 0.1, p = 0.018). cIMT was found to positively correlate with: age in both diabetics and controls (r = 0.76, p = 0.000, r = 0.74, p = 0.000 respectively), body mass index (BMI) in diabetics but not controls (r = 0.82, p = 0.000, r = 0.30, p = 0.06 respectively). In diabetics, mean aggregate cIMT positively correlated with duration of diabetes (r = 0.66, p = 0.000), systolic blood pressure (r = 0.82, p = 0.000), diastolic BP (r = 0.83, p = 0.000), as well as HB A1c (r = 0.40, p = 0.004) and correlated negatively with high density lipoprotein -cholesterol (HDL-C) (r = -0.88, p = 0.000). As cardiovascular morbidity is high in diabetes, non-invasive methods for monitoring vascular changes as cIMT might be useful in clinical practice for early diagnosis of subclinical atherosclerosis, which can allow for strategies designed to reduce the cardiovascular event rate in those patients.

Ghaly, I., F. H. Hussein, S. Abdelghaffar, G. Anwar, and R. M. Seirvogel, "Optimal age of sexual maturation in Egyptian children.", Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de santé de la Méditerranée orientale = al-Majallah al-ṣiḥḥīyah li-sharq al-mutawassiṭ, vol. 14, issue 6, pp. 1391-9, 2008 Nov-Dec. Abstract

To establish the optimal age of sexual maturation in Egyptian children, Tanner's maturity stages were determined for a sample of children and adolescents (1550 girls, 1563 boys) ranging from 6.5 to 18.5 years. The mean age for attainment of pubic hair (stage PH2) was 10.46 (SD 1.36) years for girls and 11.86 (SD 1.45) years for boys. For axillary hair (stage A2), mean age was 11.65 (SD 1.62) years for girls and 13.55 (SD 1.52) years for boys. The mean age at menarche in girls was 12.44 years and for breast development (stage B2) was 10.71 (SD 1.30) years. Testicular volume by palpation showed that the mean age of genital stage G2 for boys was 10.56 (SD 1.40) years. The study results can aid in the assessment of sexual maturation and pubertal disorders in Egyptian adolescents.