Abdelrazek, F. M., A. S. M. El-Din, and A. E. Mekky, "The reaction of ethyl benzoylacetate with malononitrile: a novel synthesis of some pyridazine, pyridazino[2,3-a]quinazoline and pyrrole derivatives", Tetrahedron, vol. 57, issue 9, pp. 1813–1817, 2001. AbstractPDF

Ethyl benzoylacetate undergoes Claisen condensation reaction with malononitrile to afford 2-cyano-5-phenyl-3,5-dioxopentanonitrile which could be cyclized into 2-aminopyran and coupled with diazonium salts to afford azo derivatives. These azo derivatives and those of ethyl benzoylacetate could be cyclized into 4-oxo-, 6-oxo- and 6-iminopyridazines and pyridazino[2,3-a]quinazolines, respectively. The 6-iminopyridazines could be transformed into the 6-oxopyridazines. The imino- and oxopyridazines could be transformed into pyrrole derivatives.

Abdelrazek, F. M., A. S. M. El-Din, and A. E. Mekky, "Further studies on the reaction of ethyl benzoylacetate with malononitrile: synthesis of some novel pyridine and pyridazine derivatives", Tetrahedron, vol. 57, issue 31, pp. 6787–6791, 2001. PDF
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