Amgad Elansary

In this paper, the problem of optimal rehabilitation of water distribution networks (WDNs) for both steady and transient state is investigated. Two objectives are considered in this study: minimizing rehabilitation cost by considering pipe size diameters as decision variables and minimizing the transient impacts by minimizing a surge damage potential factor (SDPF). A multi-objective ant colony optimization (MOACO) model is developed to solve this problem. The developed model is verified using the well-known New York City tunnel network. The application is carried out to modify an existing real WDN in New Cairo district designed in steady-state conditions to cope with the transient condition. The advantage of this study is to produce a set of solutions that help decision makers to identify the suitable approach, while evaluating and aggregating the preferences over multiple objective functions.

The fundamental problem addressed during this study lies in the poor quality of surface water in Gharbia Main drain (Kitchener drain). This drain receives agricultural, domestic, industrial, as well as solid wastes from villages and cities located around its path. The main objective of this research is to manage water quality at the drain. The service area of the drain was divided into 6 main basins in order to facilitate the identification of the critical basins along the drain. Water samples were collected from the drain at each basin, and analyzed for different parameters by three different certified laboratories. The parameters included chemical oxygen demand (COD), total suspended solids (TSS), total nitrogen (TN), and total phosphorus (TP). The concentrations of the selected parameters were also obtained from the literature data. Data analysis was conducted using the box plot tool in order to identify the most reliable data to be used as a benchmark for comparison with the modeling data. A tailored water quality modeling was created using MATLAB to simulate pollutant transport in Gharbia Main drains. Exponential and mass balance equations were used to estimate the targeted water quality parameters along the drain path. Model validation was performed between model estimation and actual data. From an economic point of view, it is recommended to apply the depollution projects in the most critical basins. Thus, a comparison was conducted between the current situation and three proposed scenarios of improving water quality at most critical basins through reducing the load of the domestic wastewater. The model results showed that basins No. 1 …

Debris flows affecting highways and plugging a storm culverts always cause overtopping of the road by sliding debris causing increase of the total head losses. The experimental study in this research aims to examine the effect of the cross sectional plugging percentage on the total energy (total head) loss. A storm pipe culvert was tested for five different discharges (Q=8.5 to 38.8 lit. /sec), different submergence ratios (Y2/d = 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0), fixed longitudinal plugging length ((Lr) = 50%), and different cross sectional plugging percentage (Ar = (0%, 10%, 30%, 50%). Results of the study estimate the risk of road failure, predict implications of relatively high flows, and identify culverts that need to be replaced. Increasing the cross sectional plugging (Ar) from 10% to 50% led to rise in the increasing factor of the relative energy head loss by about 103 % at Y2/d=1.0, and by about 136 % at Y2 …

Debris flows affecting highways and plugging a storm culverts always cause overtopping of the road by sliding debris causing increase of the total head losses. The experimental study in this research aims to examine the effect of the cross sectional plugging percentage on the total energy (total head) loss. A storm pipe culvert was tested for five different discharges (Q=8.5 to 38.8 lit. /sec), different submergence ratios (Y2/d = 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0), fixed longitudinal plugging length ((Lr) = 50%), and different cross sectional plugging percentage (Ar = (0%, 10%, 30%, 50%). Results of the study estimate the risk of road failure, predict implications of relatively high flows, and identify culverts that need to be replaced. Increasing the cross sectional plugging (Ar) from 10% to 50% led to rise in the increasing factor of the relative energy head loss by about 103 % at Y2/d=1.0, and by about 136 % at Y2 …

Air vessels are widely used in water distribution system to protect from pump power failure. The process of sizing air vessels is very important in obtaining the the most economical vessel size and correct size of inlet/out/outlet pipe diameters that will protect the pipe system. This paper presents the developed model TRANSNETP that is used in analyzing transient flow due to pump power failure in pipe network system using air vessel as a protection device and also determining the optimal volume and optimal inlet/outlet pipe diameter for air vessel

This paper addresses the problem of minimization of leakage in water distribution networks through the introduction and regulation of Flow Control Valves'FCVs". This problem is formulated as two objectives problem and is solved using multi-objective genetic algorithm. The first objective is to minimize the number of valves" a surrogate for installation valves cost" and the second one is represented by the minimization of the total leakage in the system while achieving the required pressure constraint at each node. The great advantage of mis study is that, in one run, several trade-off optimal solutions are obtained with a different level of compromise between the conflicting two objectives. Each solution from these optimal ones consists of: minimum number of FCVs, the best locations for the obtained number of valves and optimum valves settings, not only at one time period, but at each time period through the day …

The Egyptian government is replacing the existing Naga Hammadi barrage, located across the Nile River some 450 km south of Cairo, with the New Naga Hammadi barrage (NNHB) to incorporate a hydropower plant and to improve conditions for river traffic. The new structure will lead to an increase in river water levels, both locally near the new barrage and upstream. The rise in river water levels will in turn result in changes in groundwater levels in the aquifer system up and downstream of the barrages. In this paper, an area is chosen, which is expected to suffer from a high groundwater table after the construction of the NNHB, to investigate the problem and propose alternatives for lowering the groundwater levels. The study area is a village called Bakhaness, with an area of 588 ha. It is located some 1.5 km upstream of the NNHB. A computer model (MicroFEM) has been used to simulate the groundwater …

This paper introduces an approach for solving coupled flow and transports equations in a variable density flow system and presents a numerical model for pollutant transport and flow pattern in layered aquifer system. This formulation is general, flexible and capable of taking full advantage of the nature of flow in such multi-layer systems. Governing equations are discussed for the flow and solute solution with significant variations of density through a porous medium. Equations for mass conservation and solute conversation are formulated in terms of mass fraction hydraulic head and the mass fraction concentrated solute solution. These equations are combined into two nonlinear-coupled partial differential equations. The non-linearity arising from the density variation and from a velocity dependent dispersion tensor made the problem very hard. Therefore, special techniques including mixed interpolation finite …

The Southern Valley Development Project (Toshka) is a major project located 1,000 km south of Cairo, Egypt. The project involves pouring Nile water out off Lake Naser into the desert in order to reclaim parts of it for agricultural use. The Toshka project is considered one of the largest projects in the world with its unique pumping station that delivers 25 x 106 m3/day (∼300 m3/sec). As a result, safety is a major concern and maximum protection measures against Waterhammer should be incorporated into the project's design. Waterhammer analysis will provide the required protection that is needed for both pump and pipeline. This paper contains numerical model that simulates pump power failure followed by a valve closure for a pumping system drawing liquid through a single pipeline and discharging it into a reservoir. The method of characteristics was used to solve the transient pressures in a liquid-filled piping …

The Southern Valley Development Project (Toshka) is a major project located 1,000 km south of Cairo, Egypt. The project involves pouring Nile water out off Lake Naser into the desert in order to reclaim parts of it for agricultural use. The Toshka project is considered one of the largest projects in the world with its unique pumping station that delivers 25 x 106 m3/day (∼300 m3/sec). As a result, safety is a major concern and maximum protection measures against waterhammer should be incorporated into the project's design. Waterhammer analysis will provide the required protection that is needed for both pump and pipeline. This paper contains numerical model that simulates pump power failure followed by a valve closure for a pumping system drawing liquid through a single pipeline and discharging it into a reservoir. The method of characteristics was used to solve the transient pressures in a liquid-filled piping …

Freshwater is a vital commodity. With the ever increasing population and the limited water resources around the world, groundwater is considered one of the strategic supplies of freshwater for agricultural, domestic and industrial uses. Groundwater contamination presents a major environmental hazard. Contamination sources include leaching of agricultural fertilizers and pesticides, leakage from sewers and sewage systems, and spills from underground storage tanks (USTs). Some of these pollutants are biodegradable, such that natural filtration and adsorption may remove part of unsuitable present organisms. On the other hand, chemical contaminants are of persisting nature, and thus more hazardous. One of these is gasoline contamination from USTs, which poses severe contamination problems to the groundwater aquifers. A mathematical and numerical model is developed to simulate the transport and fate of …

Groundwater is one of the most important sources of freshwater in Egypt, with specific reference to cities located away from the River Nile. Unlike surface water, groundwater is not directly subject to pollution. However, owing to its generally very low velocity, groundwater once contaminated will often remain so for many generations to come. Because the process of groundwater pollution is generally lengthy and also due to the low velocities of groundwater, contamination is more likely to be discovered after twenty or thirty years from its initiation so numerical models are vital to predict and study the behavior of contaminant movements under different conditions. In the Sadaat city, various natural and waste or sewage water are stored and spread on, or beneath land surface through oxidation ponds, where they are susceptible to percolation. This study presents the effect of the oxidation ponds on groundwater quality …

Two mathematical formulations for the computation of transient flow in piping systems are compared with experimental data. The formulations are: a four-equations fluid structure interaction model (FSI) that includes Poisson coupling, and a two-equations model for the fluid. Both models are solved numericaly using the method of characteristics. A partial-closure of a valve located at an intermediate point in a pipeline is used to create transient flow. The two-equations model computed the maximum pressure peak satisfactorily but the FSI model gave an overall better simulation. An unsteady-friction model, added to the FSI model, did not influence the final results significantly. The experimental procedures followed to obtain the valve characteristics and the pressure history along the pipeline are explained in detail. Excellent numerical results at the valve are obtained when experimental data is used to simulate the time …

One of the objectives of this study was to reduce the undesirable dynamic pressure oscillation that occurs in a simple pipeline due to valve closure and to prevent the occurrence of column separation. This is accomplished by maximizing the minimum pressure in the pipeline. The second objective was to minimize the maximum dynamic pressure, and the third objective was to estimate the best (minimum) time of closure, T* c, that results in a pipe stress equal to the maximum allowable stress. The method of characteristics with the time-line interpolation technique was used to solve the transient stresses and pressures in a liquid-filled piping system. Frequency-dependent friction was used in the equation of motion for the fluid and the pipe wall. A nonlinear optimization technique was utilized to generate the optimum valve closure policy. Maximum and minimum pressure heads resulting from the optimal policy were …

One of the objectives of this study was to reduce the undesirable dynamic pressure oscillation in a simple pipeline due to valve closure and to prevent the occurence of column separation. The second objective was to minimize the maximum dynamic pressure and estimate the best (minimum) time of closure, T*, that results in a pipe stress equal to the maximum allowable stress. The method of characteristics with the time-line interpolation technique was used to solve the transient stresses and pressures in liquid-filled piping system. Frequency-dependent friction was used in the equation of motion for the fluid and the pipe wall. A non-linear optimization technique was utilized to generate the optimum valve closure policy. Maximum and minimum pressure heads resulting from the optimal policy were calculated and compared with those resulting from a uniform valve closure. Plots of the pressure variation at the valve for these two valve closure policies were also generated. Examples are presented to demonstrate the advantage of the optimum valve closure policy over the uniform valve closure policy. The reduction in the maximum dynamic pressure and stress at the valve for different Tc is also presented.

The control of stresses and liquid pressure surges in pipes is an important problem in the design of hydraulic pipe networks. The method of characteristics has been used to solve the transient stresses and pressures in liquid-filled piping systems. The friction force is included in the equation of motion for the fluid and the pipe wall. The maximum pressure and maximum stress at any point along the length of the pipe are evaluated for the entire simulation time. The Von Mises criterion is used for the stress calculation. A nonlinear search technique has been developed using the simplex method. The optimal valve closure is sought, that will minimize the maximum pressure and/or stresses. A continuous optimal valve closure policy is specified using spline functions. Numerical examples are presented showing the reduction of the dynamic stress and the dynamic pressure from linear valve closure to optimal valve closure.