Samy Alsirafy

The ongoing need for hematologists is not met in many parts of the world. The hematology rotation during internal medicine residency is an opportunity to attract more physicians to the hematology field. This study aimed to assess the impact of a hematology rotation on internal medicine residents’ interest in considering a hematology career.

Context The goal of palliative care (PC) is to improve the quality of life (QoL) of patients with life-limiting illnesses as well as their families. Ideally, PC is integrated early in the course of life-limiting illnesses. Less attention has been paid to the need for early PC for family caregivers (FCs) in lower-income settings. Objectives This observational cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the burden experienced by FCs of newly diagnosed incurable cancer patients in Egypt and characterize its relation to depression and QoL. Methods Ninety-five adult FCs of adult patients with newly diagnosed incurable cancer completed the 22-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-22), Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and Short Form 12 (SF-12) to assess caregiving burden, depression, and QoL among FCs, respectively. Results The median (IQR) ZBI-22 score was 17(11–24) and 34% of FCs had significant burden (ZBI-22 score > 20). Assistance with late loss activities of daily living and availability for longer caregiving duration were associated significantly with higher caregiving burdens (P = 0.004 and 0.047, respectively). FCs with significant burden had significantly higher PHQ-9 scores (P = 0.0003). There was a significant negative correlation between ZBI-22 scores and the bodily pain, general health, mental health, physical function, role emotional, and social function subscales/items of SF-12. Conclusions A substantial proportion of Egyptian FCs of incurable cancer patients experience significant burden early in the course of the disease. This burden is associated with depressive symptoms and worse QoL dimensions, physical, psychological, and social. In a lower-income setting, early PC interventions for FCs of incurable cancer patients are needed.

Background: Palliative care (PC) is in an early stage of development in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) of the World Health Organization. A metric based on publishing in specialized PC journals may be useful in assessing PC development. This study was conducted to describe the contribution of EMR countries to PC research and to study the relationship between this contribution and the levels of PC development.

Methods: The Scopus database was used to search 21 PC journals (1991-2020) for articles with at least one EMR-affiliated author independently of his/her position in the article. As an indicator, the 3-year average articles per million population per year (AAMY) was calculated. Changes over time were calculated through a regression analysis. The relationship between the AAMY and the level of PC development and opioid consumption were assessed through Mann-Witney test using the worldmap PC development categories as a proxy, and Spearman analysis, respectively.

Results: The number of articles published during the 30-year period was 31,108 of which 402 (1.3%) were EMR-affiliated. There was a steady rise in the AAMY of the EMR (R2 = 0.894). The number of EMR-affiliated articles increased from 3 in the period 1991-1995 to 191 in 2016-2020. The 2018-2020 AAMY was significantly higher in countries with greater PC development than in those without (median [IQR] = 0.0975 [0.0254-0.1802] and 0.0098 [0-0.0256], p = 0.042). Also, it was significantly higher in countries that progressed to a higher level of PC development between 2006 and 2017 (p = 0.0159). There was a significant positive correlation between the average opioid consumption for the years 2017-2019 and the AAMY for the same period (p = 0.0043).

Conclusions: There is a slow steady progress in the contribution of EMR countries to PC journals, which corresponds to the level of PC development and its progress in the region. A metric based on the contribution to specialized PC journals may be a useful indicator of PC development.

Background: Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a complex multifactorial syndrome. Various antipsychotics have been associated with weight gain, especially olanzapine (OLZ) which is suggested to have a role in the management of CAC. It remains unclear whether OLZ has an ameliorating effect on cancer patients’ anorexia, even when those patients exhibit no nausea or vomiting. Given the potential effect of OLZ on CAC and the mixed findings regarding this subject, the current trial aims at evaluating the efficacy of OLZ as a monotherapy in incurable cancer patients with cancer cachexia-associated anorexia.

Trial design: This is a single institution double-blind placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial. One hundred and sixty-four patients are being recruited from December 2021. The trial includes adult patients with incurable solid tumor, CAC, loss of appetite (≥4 score on the 0 to 10 loss of appetite scale of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System [ESAS]), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0-2 and a predicted survival >3 months. Causes for exclusion are: highly emetogenic chemotherapy, antipsychotic or appetite stimulant administration, nausea or vomiting score >3 on the 0 to 10 scale of the ESAS, weight gain for a known cause (e.g., oedema) or central nervous system disease. Participants will be 1:1 randomized to the intervention arm (OLZ 5 mg tablet once a night for 28 days) or the control arm (placebo tablet once at night for 28 days). The primary endpoint is the change in the loss of appetite score on the 0 to 10 scale of the ESAS from day 0 to day 7 of treatment. The secondary endpoints include the change in loss of appetite score from day 0 to days 14, 21 and 28 and the change in quality of life, handgrip strength, body mass index, body weight, lean body mass, fatigue and c-reactive protein level from day 0 to day 28.

Clinical trial identification: NCT05243251.

Background:Although diagnosis disclosure to cancer patients has important roles in cancer care, it is not a routine practice in countries like Egypt. Respecting patients’ autonomy and responding to their preferences are among the factors that should guide the practice of cancer diagnosis disclosure.Objectives:To assess the preferences of Egyptian cancer patients regarding the disclosure of cancer diagnosis and to determine factors that may affect their preferences.Methods:The study included 295 patients aware of their cancer diagnosis from 3 cancer care facilities in Egypt. Patients were asked if they would have preferred to be informed of the diagnosis or not, whom they would have preferred to receive the diagnosis information from, and if they would have preferred to tell their families or not.Results:The vast majority (91%) of the included patients preferred to be informed about their diagnosis, 59% preferred to disclose the diagnosis to their families and 66% preferred to receive the diagnosis information from a physician. In univariate analysis, male gender, higher education level and employment were significantly associated with the preference for disclosure. None of the studied variables associated significantly with the preferences in multivariate analysis.Conclusion:The majority of Egyptian cancer patients in our study preferred to be informed about their diagnosis, which should be respected. The results may help in changing the diagnosis disclosure practice of health care professionals and refuting the misconception of family caregivers about cancer diagnosis disclosure in Egypt and countries with similar culture.

{ PURPOSEIn many countries, including Egypt, it is still believed that not telling patients their cancer diagnosis is associated with less psychological morbidity. This study was conducted to explore whether not telling Egyptian patients their cancer diagnosis is associated with less anxiety and depression and better quality-of-life (QoL) or not.METHODSA cross-sectional observational study was conducted in two Egyptian cancer care facilities and included 292 adult patients with cancer of whom 197 (67%) were aware of their diagnosis and 95 (33%) were unaware. The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess anxiety and depression and the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General 7 questionnaire to assess QoL.RESULTSPatients unaware of their cancer diagnosis were significantly more likely to be less educated, with no family history of cancer, interviewed within 6 months of cancer diagnosis, diagnosed with a cancer other than breast and colorectal cancer, in a poorer performance status, and with no history of anticancer treatment. There was no significant difference between unaware and aware patients in the scores of HADS-Anxiety (median [interquartile range (IQR)] = 6 [3-11] and 7 [4-11]

OBJECTIVE: There is a growing interest in developing a scientific research metric to assess the level of palliative care (PC) development in countries. This study assesses a metric based on publishing in specialised PC journals as an indicator for the level of PC development.

METHODS: A 3-year average articles per million population per year (3y-AAMY) metric was calculated using documents published in 19 specialised PC journals indexed in Scopus database. Countries were categorised into six levels starting with level '0' with no publications then levels Q1 to Q5 according to the 3y-AAMY quintiles (Q5=best performance). The relationship between the 3y-AAMY and the level of PC development in countries and opioid consumption figures was tested.

RESULTS: During 2016-2018, 6610 eligible documents were published in the selected 19 journals. The median (IQR) 3y-AAMY of 191 countries was 0.0123 (0-0.237). The 3y-AAMY differed significantly among the levels of PC development, being 0 (IQR:0-0) for category 1 (no known activity) countries and 1.129 (IQR:0.286-4.625) for category 4B (advanced integration) countries (Kruskal-Wallis test p<0.000001 and Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test p<0.00001). The correlation between the 3y-AAMY and average opioid consumption was a highly significant positive one (Spearman's ρ=0.681, p<0.0001). Furthermore, opioid consumption differed significantly between the 3y-AAMY categories being highest for Q5 countries (Kruskal-Wallis test p<0.000001 and Jonckheere-Terpstra trend test p<0.00001).

CONCLUSION: A metric based on publishing in specialised PC journals correlates significantly with the levels of PC development and opioid consumption in countries and may be used alongside other indicators for the assessment of PC development.

Background: The World Health Organization Office for the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR), and a recently created palliative care experts’ network from the EMR, decided to develop region-specific indicators to monitor national palliative care development.

Aims: To identify relevant and feasible macroindicators of palliative care development for the EMR.

Methods: Palliative care experts from the EMR were nominated and invited to complete a 2-round Delphi study to rate macroindicators from previous studies and propose new ones based on regional characteristics. All indicators were assessed by regional relevance (R) and feasibility (F). A content validity index (CVI) was calculated. Indicators with CVI ≥ 0.7/1, and scoring ≥ 7/9 for the average of R and F were selected.

Results: Twelve of 22 countries were represented in the study. In the first round, 11 indicators were selected and 13 new ones proposed. In the second round, 15 indicators matched R, F and CVI criteria. Top-scored indicators were: existence of a current national palliative care strategy (R = 8, F = 8, CVI = 1); ratio of specialized services (for adults and children) in the country per population (R = 8, F = 7, CVI = 1); allocation of funds for palliative care in the national health budget by the Ministry of Health or equivalent government agency (R = 8, F = 6, CVI = 1); education for prequalification doctors/nurses (R = 8, F = 8, CVI = 0.9); and availability of morphine and other strong opioids (R =8, F = 8, CVI= 0.9).

Conclusion: A baseline set of 15 region-specific indicators for measuring development of palliative care were validated by regional experts.

It is recommended not to use transdermal fentanyl (Fe) patches (TFP) in cancer cachexia but TFP may be the only available option for pain. Limited evidence suggests lower Fe absorption from TFP in cachexia. We describe a case of metastatic breast cancer with refractory cachexia. Her pain was uncontrolled on TFP and was route switched and drug rotated to intravenous morphine (M). We were conservative and did not use the 1:100 TFP to oral M conversion ratio. Assuming opioid needs were similar before and after switch/rotation, the suitable conversion ratio in this case was about 1:25. Absent clear guidelines on converting from TFP in cachexia, it is better to avoid TFP. When essential to use TFP in cachexia, caution should be taken when switching from TFP to avoid overdose.

BACKGROUND: Although family caregivers (FCs) play an important role in the care provided to incurable cancer patients in our region, little is known about the burden they experience. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of caregiver burden (CB) among FCs of incurable cancer patients in two Eastern Mediterranean countries and to identify factors that may be associated with significant CB.

METHODS: The study included 218 FCs, 165 from Egypt and 53 from Saudi Arabia. The 22-item Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI-22) was used to assess caregiver burden CB. Significant CB was defined as a ZBI-22 score ≥ 21. The assistance with basic ADLs was classified into 3 levels according to FCs' assistance with early/middle/late-loss basic ADLs. The relationship between CB and the assistance with ADLs and other factors was studied.

RESULTS: The mean (SD) ZBI-22 score among FCs was 23.4 (9.3) and the majority (128/218, 59%) had significant CB. Eighty-nine percent of FCs assisted with at least one basic ADL. Assistance with late-loss basic ADLs, best supportive care treatment plan and poorer performance status were associated with higher CB (p < 0.0001, =0.018 and = 0.005). However, in logistic regression analysis, only assistance with late-loss ADLs was independently associated with significant CB (OR = 3.4 [95%CI:1.2-9.7], p = 0.024).

CONCLUSION: A substantial proportion of FCs of incurable cancer patients in our region experience significant CB. Family caregivers assisting with late-loss basic ADLs are at risk of significant CB and should be routinely screened for CB.

CONTEXT: Few pharmacological interventions are available for cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia. Mirtazapine has been suggested for use in cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia.

OBJECTIVES: This study was conducted to assess the efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine in cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia.

METHODS: A double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trial. The study included 120 incurable solid tumour patients with anorexia (appetite loss ≥4 on 0-10 scale, 10= maximum appetite loss), cachexia (>5% body weight loss over 6 months or >2% plus body mass index <20) and depression score ≤3 on 0-6 scale (6= extreme feelings of depression). Patients were 1:1 randomized to receive mirtazapine 15mg daily at night for 8 weeks or placebo. The primary endpoint was change in appetite from baseline to day 28. Other outcomes included changes in quality-of-life, fatigue, depressive symptoms, body weight, lean body mass, handgrip strength, inflammatory markers, adverse events and survival.

RESULTS: 48 (80%) patients in the mirtazapine arm and 52 (87%) in the placebo were assessable for the 1ry endpoint. Appetite score increased significantly with mirtazapine as well as with placebo (p<0.0001 each). The increase in appetite score did not differ significantly between the two arms in the per-protocol and intention-to-treat analysis (p=0.472 and 0.462, respectively). Mirtazapine was associated with significantly less increase in depressive symptoms and higher prevalence of somnolence. The change in other outcomes did not differ significantly between mirtazapine and placebo.

CONCLUSION: Mirtazapine 15mg at night for 28 days is no better than placebo in improving the appetite of incurable solid tumor patients with cancer-associated anorexia and cachexia.

Background:Social support (SS) has been proven to be associated with improved outcome of early breast cancer. Little is known about the magnitude of social support available for Egyptian breast cancer patient and much less is known about the changes that occur in such support after the diagnosis of breast cancer and starting treatment.

Methods:We designed a longitudinal questionnaire based prospective cohort study using the six item form of the Medical Outcomes Study- Social Support Survey (MOS-SSS) questionnaire and included patients with pathologically proven non-metastatic breast cancer 18-70 years of age. Patients completed the self administered questionnaire at 2 time points: at first diagnosis of breast cancer and after 3-6 months of starting treatment. Comparison of the pre and post treatment questionnaires was done using paired sample T test.

Results:A total of 48 patients completed the 2 questionnaires. Median age was 48 years (range: 24-65 years). Seventy percent of our patients were married, 67% had more than 2 children and 77.8% were housewives. Around half of the patients (45.2%) had monthly income below 1200 EGP. Patients who had higher education level (p=0.002) and those who were living in Cairo (p=0.033) reported higher SS at baseline. Mean MOS-SSS score at baseline was 64.4 (±24.8) while after treatment was 76.4 (±22.3); p<0.001. The increase in SS was consistent in most of the patient subgroups but was more prominent in illiterate patients compared to educated (p=0.033), those who work a handy job compared to housewife (p=0.04), and those who lived in Upper Egypt compared to Cairo residents (p=0.029).

Conclusion:The majority of Egyptian breast cancer patients had a supportive environment after the diagnosis of breast cancer. A special attention should be paid to the at-risk groups with no sufficient SS during that period.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to translate the Palliative Performance Scale (PPSv2) into Arabic and to test the reliability and validity of the PPS Arabic translation (PPS-Arabic).

METHOD: The PPSv2 was translated into Modern Standard Arabic using a forward-backward method. Inter-rater and intra-rater reliabilities were tested in a pilot study that included 20 patients. The validation study included 150 cancer patients. Patients were divided according to their treatment plan into three groups (in-remission, palliative chemotherapy, and best supportive care) to perform hypothesis-testing construct validity. Validity was further evaluated by correlating PPS-Arabic with the Karnofsky Performance Scale (KPS), the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) scale, and Physical Functioning (PF2) and Role Functioning (RF2) scales of the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer quality of life questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30).

RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficients for the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were 0.935 (95% CI: 0.88-0.965; p < 0.001) and 0.965 (95% CI: 0.934-0.981; p < 0.001), respectively. The PPS-Arabic internal consistency Cronbach's alpha was 0.986. The average PPS-Arabic score differed significantly (p < 0.001) between the three groups of patients being 89 for in-remission, 58 for palliative chemotherapy, and 38 for best supportive care. The PPS-Arabic score correlated significantly (p < 0.001) with the KPS, ECOG performance scale, and the EORTC QLQ-C30 PF2 and RF2 scales.

CONCLUSION: The PPS-Arabic is a reliable and valid tool for the assessment of performance status of cancer patients.

Background: Family caregivers (FCs) play important roles in the care provided to patients with incurable cancer. These patients experience a wide range of distressing symptoms. This symptom burden may add to the burden of FCs and consequently may have a negative impact on their quality of life (QoL).
Methods: This study was conducted to determine the relationship between the symptom burden in a cohort of patients with incurable cancer and the QoL of their FCs.The study included 94 dyads of hospitalized incurable cancer patients and one of their FCs. The symptom burden among patients was assessed using the revised Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS-r) and the QoL of their FCs was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form (MOS SF-36) questionnaire.
Results: Nausea was the most common symptom to associate with poorer QoL scores. There was a significant negative correlation between nausea and the following MOS SF-36 scales: physical functioning (r=-0.219, p = 0.034), role limitations due to physical health (r =-0.0228, p = 0.027), pain (r=-0.404, p \< 0.001), general health (r =-0.222, p = 0.031) and health change (r=-0.317, p = 0.002). Other symptoms that correlated significantly with at least one of the MOS SF-36 scales were weakness, drowsiness, lack of appetite, shortness of breath, depression and wellbeing. The total ESAS-r score correlated significantly with poorer scores on the pain (r=-0.248, p = 0.016) and health change (r=-0.311, p = 0.002) scales of MOS SF-36. In addition; older FCs age, hours of care per day, total period of care, FCs employment and inadequate income correlated significantly with poorer scores of at least one of the MOS SF-36 scales.
Conclusion: The high symptom burden experienced by patients with incurable cancer may have a negative impact on the QoL of their FCs, especially the physical aspect.

{The available options to manage cancer-associated anorexia-cachexia syndrome (CACS) are limited. At standard doses, the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapine causes appetite stimulation and weight gain. Based on limited evidence, it is used in cancer-associated anorexia. This trial was conducted to assess the efficacy and safety of mirtazapine in patients with CACS.A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. Included patients were adults with advanced solid tumors, weight loss ≥5\%, appetite loss score ≥ 4 on 0 to 10 scale (10 = maximum appetite loss), and depression ≤3 on 0 to 6 scale (6 = extreme feelings of depression). Patients were randomized to receive mirtazapine 15 mg /day or placebo. The primary end-point was the change in appetite on a 0 to 10 appetite scale (where 10 is the best appetite possible) at week 4. Other assessed outcomes included changes in body weight, lean body mass, handgrip strength, depression (measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale [HADS]), and quality of life (measured by Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy [FAACT] questionnaire).From 120 allocated patients, 100 completed 4 weeks treatment (48 in the mirtazapine arm and 52 in the placebo). After 4 weeks of treatment there was no significant difference between the two arms in the change from baseline in appetite or other outcome measures (Table 1). The change in the HADS depression score differed significantly in favour of mirtazapine. Sleepiness was significantly more prevalent in the mirtazapine arm (p = 0.01) and only one patient discontinued treatment due to excess sleepiness. Table: LBA86Change in outcome measures from baseline to day 28MirtazapinePlacebopMedian (Interquartile range)Appetite score2 (0-2)2 (0-2)0.401Body weight (kg)-0.8 (-1.5 – 0.9)-0.6 (-1.4 – 0.2)0.94Lean body mass (kg)-0.16 (-1.1 – 1.1)-0.37 (-1 – 0.4)0.411Handgrip strength (kg)-0.76 (-1.5 – 0.8)0 (-1 – 0.8)0.376FAACT Anorexia-cachexia scale4 (1 – 5.8)4 (0 – 6)0.997HADS Depression score1 (0.3 – 2)2 (1 – 2)0.022Compared to placebo, mirtazapine 15mg at night did not improve appetite, body weight, hand-grip strength or quality of life in advanced cancer patients with anorexia cachexia.NCT03254173.The authors.Cairo University.All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.}

Abstract
Background:
Little is known about the place of death of patients with cancer in Eastern Mediterranean countries including Egypt, where palliative care is underdeveloped. Identifying the preferred place of death (PPoD) is important for the development of appropriate palliative care models in these countries.

Objectives:
To know the PPoD of Egyptian patients with incurable cancer and their family caregivers (FCGs) and to determine the factors that may impact their preferences.

Methods:
An observational cross-sectional study that included 301 dyads of patients with incurable cancer and one of their FCGs. A questionnaire was designed to collect data about the characteristics of patients and FCGs as well as their preferences.

Results:
The majority of dyads (272/301, 90.4%) answered the PPoD question. Home was the PPoD in 93% of patients and 90.1% of FCGs (P = .218). The congruence between patients’ and FCGs’ PPoD was 92.7% (κ = 0.526). In multivariate analysis, poorer performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group 3 or 4) and full employment of FCGs associated significantly with patients’ preference to die in hospital (odds ratio [OR] = 3.015 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.004-9.054], P = .049 and OR = 4.402 [95% CI: 1.561-12.417], P = .005, respectively), while poorer performance status and nonreferral to the palliative medicine unit were associated with FCGs’ preference of hospital death (OR = 2.705 [95% CI: 1.105-6.626], P = .029 and OR = 2.537 [95% CI: 1.082-5.948], P = .032, respectively).

Conclusions:
The results of the current study suggest that home is the PPoD for the vast majority of Egyptian patients with incurable cancer and their FCGs. Palliative care interventions that promote home death of patients with incurable cancer are needed in Egypt.

Introduction: Oral mucositis (OM) is an unavoidable condition of the oral cavity that accompanies chemotherapy for various malignant cases. Chemotherapy-induced oral Mucositis (COM) is a frequent complication due to mucotoxic drugs and is known to deteriorate the general health significantly, while negatively affecting the quality of life (QOL). Studies have reported that low-level laser therapy (LLLT) promotes the tissue healing. The objective of the present study was to explore the efficacy of gallium-arsenide (GaAs) laser in treating COM and its impact on inflammatory cytokine levels in patients receiving chemotherapy for various malignancies.
Methods: A total of 80 patients with COM received LLLT 6 days/week. OM was graded according to the World Health Organization (WHO) grading scale. The outcome parameters were the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) measured before, during and after administration of LLLT.
Results: After LLLT, a significant decrease was found in the mean values of mucositis grade from 2.35 ± 0.695 to 1.13 ± 0.333 after (P < 0.001). A significant reduction in the level of TNF-α was found after LLLT among breast cancer patients (P = 0.0045), but not in head and neck cancer and lymphoma patients. A significant reduction was also found in IL-6 level after treatment among head and neck and breast cancer patients (P = 0.0307 and 0.019, respectively).
Conclusion: The use of GaAs LLLT in treating COM in patients with various malignancies is well tolerated by patients, it results in improvement of mucositis, however; mechanism of action does not seem to be completely linked to the change of pro or anti-inflammatory cytokines.