@article {167290,
	title = {Hepatic stellate cell-targeted imatinib nanomedicine versus conventional imatinib: A novel strategy with potent efficacy in experimental liver fibrosis.},
	journal = {Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society},
	volume = {266},
	year = {2017},
	month = {2017 Nov 28},
	pages = {226-237},
	abstract = {<p>Liver fibrosis is a global health problem without approved treatment. Imatinib inhibits two key profibrotic pathways; platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and thus can be used to treat liver fibrosis. However, conventional imatinib therapy is hampered by low concentration at target tissue and increased toxicity to other tissues especially heart, lung and liver. Since hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) are the main contributors to liver fibrosis pathogenesis and sole hepatic vitamin A (V) storage cells, they can be actively targeted by coupling liposomes to V. In this study, novel V-coupled imatinib-loaded liposomes (ILC) were prepared and optimized regarding V-coupling efficiency, imatinib entrapment efficiency, and particle size. Preferential accumulation of the selected formula in liver was proved by tracing intraperitoneally (i.p.)-injected V-coupled liposomes loaded with Nile Red (LCNR) to rats with CCl-induced liver fibrosis using live animal imaging. Co-localization of LCNR with immunofluorescently-labeled PDGFR-β in frozen liver tissue sections confirmed HSCs targeting. ILC bio-distribution, following single i.p. injection, revealed 13.5 folds higher hepatic accumulation than conventional imatinib in addition to limited bio-distribution to other organs including heart and lung reflecting diminished adverse effects. ILC therapy resulted in a potent inhibition of phosphorylated PDGFR-β expression when compared to conventional imatinib. Subsequently, there was a statistically significant improvement in liver function tests and reversal of hepatotoxicity along with liver fibrosis. Anti-fibrotic effect was evident from histopathologic Ishak score reduction as well as normalization of the level of profibrotic mediators (hydroxyproline, TGF-B and matrix metalloproteinase-2). Thus, HSC-targeted imatinib therapy shows outstanding anti-fibrotic effects with reduced cytotoxicity compared to conventional imatinib. It can represent a promising novel approach for liver fibrosis treatment.</p>
},
	keywords = {Animals, Carbon Tetrachloride, Drug Liberation, Hepatic Stellate Cells, Imatinib Mesylate, liposomes, Liver, Liver Cirrhosis, Male, Nanomedicine, Protein Kinase Inhibitors, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Receptor, Platelet-Derived Growth Factor beta, Treatment Outcome},
	issn = {1873-4995},
	doi = {10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.09.035},
	author = {El-Mezayen, Nesrine S and El-Hadidy, Wessam F and El-Refaie, Wessam M and Shalaby, Th I and Mahmoud M. Khattab and Aiman S. El-Khatib}
}
