Dr. Eng. Ahmed Elyamani

Barcelona Cathedral is one of the most important monuments not only in Spain but also all over the world. The construction of the Gothic cathedral started in 1298 under King Jaume II and in 1460 the main building was completed. The two architects Josep Oriol Mestres and August Font i Carreras completed the construction of the gothic façade in 1889 and the central spire in 1913, following the same design previously proposed by the French architect Charles Galters in 1408. The central spire reaches a height of 90 m over ground level which makes it very vulnerable when subjected to lateral loads like wind and earthquakes. Being finished at the beginning of the 20th century (when the concept of reinforced concrete was being widely spread) gave the builders the chance to centrally reinforce all masonry beams of the spire with steel ties and nowadays these steel ties are facing very severe problems due to corrosion. A complete project for restoration of the spire is being executed nowadays in which a complete dismantling and reconstruction will be carried out. The steel ties will be replaced with titanium ones in order to eliminate the corrosion problem. In order to understand wind and seismic performance of the spire and the role and strength contributions of the steel ties, the different applied loads on the spire which are self weight, wind loads and earthquake loads have been estimated ,then a numerical model of the spire has been created and analyzed using the finite element program DIANA. First a linear elastic analysis under the effect of spire self weight then a combination of spire self weight and wind loads and finally a combination of spire self weight and earthquake loads. The high tensile stresses in masonry beams under the effect of the combination of spire self weight and wind loads and the combination of spire self weight and earthquake loads meant that linear elastic analysis wasn't enough to describe the structure behavior and a nonlinear analysis was essential. A nonlinear analysis under the effect of spire self weight (using three different constitutive models to describe masonry nonlinear behavior) was investigated and it revealed an elevated safety margin as the spire can carry more than ten times its self weight. Then to investigate the seismic performance of the spire a nonlinear static pushover analysis (using two different constitutive models) has been carried out.As a conclusion of this study the steel ties are highly needed to carry the tensile stresses resulted from seismic actions and the spire would be able to resist a maximum base shear of 420 KN (16% of the spire self weight).

This paper studies the response of unreinforced masonry (URM) members made of hydraulic lime mortar and fired clay bricks, commonly found in heritage structures, strengthened with textile reinforced mortar (TRM) overlays. The investigation includes URM and TRM-strengthened diagonal compression tests on square panels, and relatively large-scale wall specimens subjected to combined gravity and lateral cyclic loads. Complementary compression, tension, and interface material tests are also carried out. The diagonal panel tests show that the TRM effectiveness depends in a non-proportional manner on the overlays, render thickness, and substrate strength. The enhancement in stiffness, strength, and ultimate shear strain, using one to four mesh layers on each side, is shown to vary in the range of 49–132%, 102–536%, and 300–556% respectively. It is shown that strut crushing typically governs the response of such low-strength URM masonry elements confined by TRM overlays. The cyclic tests on the comparatively larger walls show that the TRM is effective, shifting the response from URM diagonal tension to rocking, and enhancing the stiffness, strength, and ultimate drift capacity by more than 160%, 30%, and 130%, respectively. It is shown that analytical assessment methods for predicting the response of TRM-strengthened and URM members in terms of stiffness, strength and load-deformation can be reliably adapted. The cumulative contribution of the URM and TRM components, in conjunction with a suitable fibre textile strain, is also found to offer an improved prediction of the shear strength compared to codified procedures. The findings enable the evaluation and improvement of analytical models for determining the main inelastic response parameters of TRM-strengthened masonry and provide information for validating future detailed nonlinear numerical simulations.

The discovery of the tomb of Meryneith is one of the recent and important discoveries in
Saqqara. The tomb was discovered in the period from 2001 to 2003 by the archaeological
mission of Leiden University (the Netherlands). The importance of the discovery goes back to
the positions held by the tomb owner Meryneith. He was the High Priest of Aton in the reign
of King Akhenaten and also was the Minister of Finance in the reign of King Tutankhamun.
The tomb was subjected to a complete restoration project. It was afterwards open for visit in
2011. The authors of this paper visited the tomb many times during late 2014 and October
2015. They conducted many times a detailed visual inspection of the tomb during those visits.
This paper discusses the tomb description and the signs of damage currently noticed and the
possible reasons behind. As well, it comments on the restorations carried out by the Holland
mission and comparing it with the tomb status at the time of the discovery. The paper aims at
comparing the restorations done with the basics and the common scientific rules in
architectural and fine restoration of monumental structures. The objective is to contribute in
improving the current situation of the tomb and to give recommendations for possible future
restorations of similar tombs.

This paper examines the experimental structural response of clay brick lime mortar masonry walls in wet and ambient-dry conditions. The properties of fired-clay bricks and hydraulic lime-mortar materials are selected to resemble those of existing heritage masonry structures in Historic Cairo. The investigation includes tests on square panels under diagonal compression, and large-scale walls subjected to gravity loading and in-plane lateral cyclic displacements. In addition to the conditioning type, the effectiveness of strengthening with helical bars in horizontal bed joints is also investigated. Implications of embedding helical bars in lime mortar as well as the provision of end anchorages are assessed. The complete load-deformation response of the large-scale members is also evaluated, including the main behavioural characteristics and failure modes. The results show that moisture has a notable effect on the main mechanical properties and overall structural response of such masonry components. For the panels subjected to diagonal compression, the strength reduction under wet conditions is shown to be more than 40% compared to the dry counterparts. For the large-scale walls, subjected to combined lateral loading and precompression, this reduction is significantly lower but can exceed 10%. It is also shown that the provision of helical bars can, depending on their end anchorage and arrangement, double the diagonal tension strength of masonry and offset the adverse effects occurring due to moisture.

This work intends to provide seismic vulnerability analysis for a building stock in Al Khalifa District, Fatimid Cairo while focusing on the historic buildings in the area. The work represents part of an interdisciplinary study targeting the management and conservation of a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The project inspects several aspects including behavior of masonry walls, structural health monitoring of selected structures, conservation studies, in addition to influence of rising ground water. In the current study, seismicity of Egypt generally and Cairo specifically is reviewed. Afterwards, large-scale seismic vulnerability is adopted to calculate the vulnerability index for buildings within the study area. Data are collected through extensive on-site surveys for more than one hundred buildings. Observed typologies are listed alongside possible mechanisms of failure. Egypt has moderate seismic hazard; however, many buildings are prone to damage due to inadequate seismic design. This leads to retrofitting requirements to reduce seismic vulnerability and adhere to imposed seismic requirements in design codes. The study is intended to understand seismic risk of buildings within study area as part of a comprehensive study. Developed vulnerability map show that many buildings are prone to damage during seismic events.

The paper presents an integrated approach aimed at assessing the seismic safety of Mallorca cathedral. This cathedral is an extraordinary historical construction dating back to the middle ages. The experimental modal parameters of the cathedral were identified using Ambient Vibration Testing (AVT). The cathedral numerical model was updated using the identified modal parameters. This updated model was then used to study the seismic response of the cathedral using non-linear static (pushover) analysis. A sensitively analysis was carried out to reveal the dependency of the seismic capacity on the input materials properties. To assess the seismic performance and the safety of the cathedral, the N2 method was employed. It was found that the cathedral is safe when subjected to the earthquakes expected in Mallorca Island.

This paper summarizes recent investigations into the structural and material response of ambient-dry and wet clay-brick and lime-mortar masonry elements, with focus on those used in heritage structures in Historic Cairo. In addition to cyclic tests on large-scale masonry walls subjected to lateral displacement and compressive gravity loads, the studies included complementary tests on small scale masonry panels and material specimens. It is shown that moisture can have a notable effect on the main material properties, including the shear and compression strengths, brick-mortar interaction parameters, and the elastic and shear moduli. The extent of the moisture effects is a function of the governing behaviour and material characteristics as well as the interaction between shear and precompression stresses and can lead to a loss of more than a third of the stiffness and strength in addition to a reduction in ductility. Simple and cost-effective strengthening techniques, using textile-reinforced mortars, for enhancing the lateral performance of low-strength heritage masonry element, are also considered in this study. The effectiveness of the strengthening approach is illustrated and quantified through additional tests on the small-scale panels and large-scale wall specimens. It is shown that simple analytical assessment methods can be reliably adapted for predicting the response of the wall specimens, in terms of the lateral stiffness, strength and overall load-deformation behaviour.

This research paper deals with Sednaoui El-Khazender building which is one of the unique buildings in Cairo dating back to the beginning of the 20th c. It was designed by the famous French Architect Eiffel. The building was visually inspected and the different signs and symptoms of damage were identified. Intervention techniques were proposed for the restoration of the building. A proposal for the rehabilitation of the building is discussed aiming at maximizing the economic benefits of the building.
يتناول هذا البحث أحد المباني ذات الطراز المعماري الفريد وهو مبنى صيدناوي الخازندار بمنطقة العتبة، والذي يرجع تاريخ تشييده إلي أوائل القرن العشرين، وصممه المعماري الفرنسي الشهير إيفل (مصمم برج إيفل بباريس). تمت معاينة المبنى وتشخيص أهم مظاهر وعوامل التلف المؤثرة عليه، ثم تم وضع اقتراحات الترميم والعلاج. لتعظيم الإستفادة الإقتصادية من المبنى فقد تم وضع مقترحات لتأهيله وإعادة إستخدامه بما يتوافق مع محيطه العمراني وقيمته المعمارية الكبيرة.

Historical structures are vital to the realization of how the technical, artistic, and scientific skills of the human kind have developed over time. These structures are one of the motors of the tourism industry, and therefore, the studies related to their conservation do not only have social benefits but as well economical ones. It is unfortunately that many countries rich with valuable architectural heritage are characterized by high seismic activity, Italy and Turkey are obvious examples. Due to earthquakes, many invaluable historical structures have been lost forever. Consequently, there is an increasing need for more research on the topic of seismic assessment and protection of this class of buildings. This work contributes to the methodological approaches adopted for the seismic assessment of historical structures. In many cases, due to the lack of knowledge about the assessed historical structure, it is essential to combine many investigation activities in such approaches. The aim is to minimize any possibly required seismic strengthening interventions (minimum intervention concept) by increasing the level of knowledge about the structure. In the current research, the employed experimental investigation activities are the dynamic identification tests and the dynamic monitoring. Most approaches for dynamic monitoring are based on the use of a threshold limit which is used to trigger the system when the parameters measured surpass the limit. Here, an alternative is considered that consists of a continuous monitoring system based on the permanent measurement of the ambient vibration. A thermography monitoring is used as a complementary system for the measurement of temperature. The integration between the dynamic investigation and the numerical modeling is essential and it includes two main features. On one hand, tentative structural analyses are carried out to identify important aspects of the dynamic tests and monitoring strategies such as critical points of the structure where to place the sensors. On the other hand, the results of the dynamic investigation are used to perform model updating until obtaining a satisfactory structural model adequately matching the measured dynamic properties of the structure. Once the structural model is validated, it is used to carry out the seismic assessment of the structure. This assessment is performed using different methods, to cross check the results, including the pushover analysis, the kinematic limit analysis and the nonlinear dynamic analysis. It is then possible with these assessments to identify the seismic behavior of the structure. Using the N2 method, the evaluation of the structural performance and its safety are carried out. Hence, the needs for any possible seismic strengthening are revealed, keeping in mind, the respect to the "minimum intervention" concept. As an application, the cathedral of Mallorca (Spain) is taken as a case study. This structure is one of the largest cathedrals built during the Middle Age. For each of the previously mentioned research steps, the followed criteria and the experience gained are transferred into recommended methodological approaches to be applied to other historical structures. Finally, the integration of these partial steps into one integrated methodology is discussed.

This paper presents an experimental investigation into the structural and material response of ambient-dry and wet clay-brick/lime-mortar masonry elements. In addition to cyclic tests on four large-scale masonry walls subjected to lateral in-plane displacement and co-existing compressive gravity load, the study also includes complementary tests on square masonry panels under diagonal compression and cylindrical masonry cores in compression. After describing the specimen details, wetting method and testing arrangements, the main results and observations are provided and discussed. The results obtained from full-field digital image correlation measurements enable a detailed assessment of the material shear-compression strength envelope, and permit a direct comparison with the strength characteristics of structural walls. The full load-deformation behaviour of the large-scale walls is also evaluated, including their ductility and failure modes, and compared with the predictions of available assessment models. It is shown that moisture has a notable effect on the main material properties, including the shear and compression strengths, brick–mortar interaction parameters, and the elastic and shear moduli. The extent of the moisture effects is a function of the governing behaviour and material characteristics as well as the interaction between shear and precompression stresses, and can lead to a loss of more than a third of the stiffness and strength. For the large scale wall specimens subjected to lateral loading and co-existing compression, the wet-to-dry reduction was found to be up to 20% and 11% in terms of stiffness and lateral strength, respectively, whilst the ductility ratio diminished by up to 12%. Overall, provided that the key moisture-dependent material properties are appropriately evaluated, it is shown that analytical assessment methods can be reliably adapted for predicting the response, in terms of the lateral stiffness, strength and overall load-deformation, for both dry and wet masonry walls.

Historical structures and sites are among the important touristic attractions if they are properly managed and exploited. Rehabilitation is one of the important approaches of their re-use. This paper is throwing the light on one of the modern techniques in the rehabilitation which is the three dimensional (3D) virtual shows. The paper presents an inventory about three of these shows including: 3D cinema; 3D shows using projection maps and hologram. This new technique is an out-of-the-box idea in rehabilitation which doesn’t increase the loads on the historical structure since it depends on light and small size devices. As well، this new rehabilitation technique is interesting in attracting new class of visitors for historical structures and sites، i.e. children who are helped via this technique in exploring their history in an attractive way. The paper is written in Arabic since there is a lack in the Arabic literature about these rehabilitation techniques.
إن التكنولجيا سهلت الحياة كثيراً وجعلت ما كان مستحيلاً في الماضي متاحاً للجميع الآن ، ولكن هل يمكن أن تفيدنا التكنولجيا يوماً في مجال تأهيل المباني والمواقع الأثرية؟ لقد حاول العلماء كثيراً أن يسافروا بخيالهم لاختراع ما يسمي بآلة الزمن. فميل الانسان لان يعيش زمن غير زمنه متأصل في فطرته فهل يمكن الرجوع للماضي عن طريق المستقبل لإرضاء فطرة الانسان وفضوله؟ إن فكرة البحث بنظرة أوسع تعتمد علي وجود آلة الزمن في كل مبني أو موقع أثري، واله الزمن بالنسبة لهذا الموضوع هي العروض التخيلية ثلاثية الابعاد والتي أضحت من ضمن التقنيات الحديثة التي يتم الإعتماد عليها في تأهيل وإعادة إستخدام المباني والمواقع الأثرية. ولهذا مردود إقتصادي جيد للسلطات المالكة لهذه الآثار حيث أن الدراسات الإقتصادية واستطلاعات الرأي توضح أن أعداد الداخلين يومياً الي دور السينمات تساوي اضعاف أعداد الداخلين لأشهر المباني الاثرية في العالم. ويسلط البحث الضوء على ثلاث من التقنيات المختلفة التي يتم إستخدامها في هذه العروض وهي: السينما ثلاثية الأبعاد؛ والعرض ثلاثي الأبعاد بطريقة خرائط الإسقاط؛ والهولوجرام. وتظهر أهمية هذه التقنية في الخروج من الدائرة المغلقة لفكرة التأهيل وإعادة التوظيف للمباني الاثرية التقليدية عن طريق تقليل الأحمال الواقعة علي المبنى والناتجة عن إعادة التوظيف التقليدية نظراً حيث أن الوظيفة الجديدة باستخدام هذه التقنية تعتمد علي استخدام أجهزة خفيفة الوزن مستغلة الفراغ والعالم الافتراضي. وكذلك تجذب هذه التقنية فئات جديدة للإستمتاع بالمباني والمواقع الأثرية وهم الأطفال لأن هذه التقنية تساعدهم في معرفة تاريخهم بطريقة شيقة ومبسطة.