Mohamed Zaki

The present review casts light on the main strategies for the synthesis of fused heterocycles by metal-mediated [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of alkynes and/or nitriles as well as their specific syntheses. A number of other reviews that have appeared, concerning [2+2+2] cyclotrimerization of alkynes and or nitriles to fused heterocycles, did not pay special attention to the synthesis of such systems in an organized manner with respect to the type of the heterocyclic systems.

Background: The efficacy of cardiac iron chelation in transfusion-dependent patients has been demonstrated in one-year prospective trials. Since normalization of cardiac T2* takes several years, the efficacy and safety of deferasirox was assessed for two years in patients with ?-thalassemia major in the cardiac sub-study of the EPIC trial.

Four Aegilops species (Aegilops longissima, Aegilops speltoides, Aegilops searsii and Aegilops caudata) belonging to the family Poaceae were used in this study. Nucleotides of 1651 bp from 5.8 S rRNA gene and the intergenic spacers trnT-trnL and trnL-trnF from the chloroplast DNA were combined together in order to investigate the genetic diversity among the earlier mentioned species. Maximum parsimony and Neighbor-joining computational methods for tree building were applied to construct the relationship among the Aegilops species. In all trials, one parsimonious tree was obtained, in which, the A. speltoides was the oldest and was out of a cluster containing the other three Aegilops species. A. searsii and A. caudata were sisters to each other, while A. longissima was basal in this cluster. These findings did not agree with previous karyotypic studies in which A. searsii was the oldest, and A. caudata was recently originated, while both A. longissima and A. speltoides were intermediate. The present study therefore revealed the significance of molecular markers in clarifying the genetic diversity on the inter- and intra-specific levels. These markers can also be applied for taxonomic consequences and have an economic importance in the genetic amelioration programs.

This work was conducted to detect the effect of using sarafloxacin (5 mg/kg body weight) in the drinkingwater of broiler chickens to control experimental colisepticaemia in broiler chickens. One hundred and seventy, dayold broiler chicks were used in the study. Twenty chicks at the day of arrival were sacrificed and cultured to ensureabsence of E. coli infection. One hundred and fifty chicks were divided into three equal groups, each consists of 50birds.

The aim of this work was to formulate and evaluate controlled-release Oxypentifylline microspheres that fulfill the requirements for extended release medications using Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer RS100 as polymeric material. The microspheres were prepared by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion technique. The effect of process variables such as drug to polymer ratio, stirring rate, and concentration of emulsifier on mean particle size, yield, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release characteristics of microspheres were studied. The prepared microspheres were spherical in shape. The size range varied from 325.45 to 518.54 µm. The microspheres showed high entrapment efficiency [94.22%] and the drug release was extended up to 24 hrs. The optimum microsphere formulation was selected and subjected for in-vivo studies, which revealed that the bioavailability of the drug from the prepared microspheres was increased by more than 3.4 times. This study showed that Ammonio Methacrylate Copolymer RS 100 can be used successfully to sustain the release of Oxypentifylline.

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Complex formation equilibria of dimethyltin (IV) with 4-hydroxymethyl imidazole (HMI) and 2,6-dihydroxymethyl pyridine (PDC) have been investigated. Stoichiometry and stability constants for the complexes formed were determined at different temperatures and ionic strength 0.1 M NaNO3. The concentration distribution of the complexes in solution was evaluated as a function of pH. The effect of dioxane as a solvent on both the protonation constants and the formation constants of dimethyltin (IV) complexes with HMI and PDC were discussed. The thermodynamic parameters ?H0 and ?S0 calculated from the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants were investigated.

Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) is a frequent cause of end-stage renal failure. Identification of single-gene causes of SRNS has generated some insights into its pathogenesis;

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a well-documented etiological factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). As HCV shows remarkable genetic diversity, an interesting and important issue is whether such a high viral genetic diversity plays a role in the incidence of HCC. Prior data on this subject are conflicting.

This study aims at evaluating the deformation changes on three types of root canal rotary instruments with different designs; the Pro-Taper Universal, the V-Taper, and the Liberator systems after clinical use.

Interferon used in the treatment of hepatitis C virus (HCV) patients stimulates the expression of a number of host genes encoding enzymes with antiviral activities, including myxovirus resistance gene-1 (Mx1). Mx1 gene was found to have a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at position -88 in the promotor region that affect the expression of Mx 1 protein and was suggested to be associated with the response of HCV. In this study, we assessed the relation between the SNP in the Mx1 gene and the responsiveness of Egyptian HCV patients to pegylated interferon and ribavirin treatment along with other host-related and virus-related predictors of treatment outcome. We genotyped the biallelic G/T SNP in the promoter region of Mx1 gene at position -88 from the transcription start site by restriction fragment length polymorphism found that Mx1 nt-88 SNP is not significantly correlated to achieving sustained virological response (SVR) after pegylated interferon alpha and ribavirin combined treatment.