Soda, S. E., A. Malash, M. Talaat, M. sadek, and A. ElSehrawy, "Comparative study between pentavalent and monovalent Rotavirus vaccines", Journal of Arab child, vol. 19,, issue 2, 2008.
Abouzeid, H., N. E. M. Abdelaal, M. A. Abdou, A. A. A. Mosabah, M. T. Zakaria, M. M. Soliman, A. M. Sherif, M. E. Hamed, A. A. Soliman, M. A. Noah, et al., "Association of vitamin D receptor gene FokI polymorphism and susceptibility to CAP in Egyptian children: a multicenter study.", Pediatric research, vol. 84, issue 5, pp. 639-644, 2018. Abstract

BACKGROUND: Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is the leading cause of child deaths around the world. Recently, the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene has emerged as a susceptibility gene for CAP.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association of the VDR gene Fok I polymorphism with susceptibility to CAP in Egyptian children.

METHODS: This was a multicenter case-control study of 300 patients diagnosed with CAP, and 300 well-matched healthy control children. The VDR Fok I (rs2228570) polymorphism was genotyped by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), meanwhile serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25D) level was assessed using ELISA method.

RESULTS: The frequencies of the VDR FF genotype and F allele were more common in patients with CAP than in our control group (OR = 3.6; (95% CI: 1.9-6.7) for the FF genotype; P = 0.001) and (OR: 1.8; (95% CI: 1.4-2.3) for the F allele; P = 0.01). Patients carrying the VDR FF genotype had lower serum (25D) level (mean; 14.8 ± 3.6 ng/ml) than Ff genotype (20.6 ± 4.5 ng/ml) and the ff genotype (24.5 ± 3.7 ng/ml); P < 0.01.

CONCLUSION: The VDR gene Fok I (rs2228570) polymorphism confers susceptibility to CAP in Egyptian children.

Wilson, M., A. A. Abou-Elalla, M. T. Zakaria, huda marzouk, H. L. Fayed, and M. O. F. Hanna, "Serum Amyloid A Type 1 Gene Polymorphism in Egyptian Children with Familial Mediterranean Fever.", Pathobiology : journal of immunopathology, molecular and cellular biology, vol. 83, issue 6, pp. 295-300, 2016. Abstract

BACKGROUND: Since spontaneous inflammation is an important contributor to familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), genetic variants mediating inflammation are of interest. We investigated gene variants in the acute-phase serum amyloid A type 1 (SAA1), a sensitive marker of inflammatory activity, and their association with susceptibility and severity of FMF.

METHODS: The genotypes of 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms within exon 3 of SAA1 (2995C/T and 3010C/T) were determined in 105 Egyptian children with FMF and in 125 controls by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Genotyping of the causative MEFV mutations was performed by reverse hybridization.

RESULTS: The M694I mutation was the most frequent allele (42.8%), followed by V726A (18.6%), M680I (17.1%), E148Q (11.9%) and M694V (9.0%). The frequency of the SAA1 α, β and x03B3; alleles was not significantly different between FMF patients and controls. The genotype frequency of SAA1 α/α was higher in patients than in healthy subjects (21.0 vs. 14.4%) although it did not reach statistical significance. The clinical manifestations including age at disease onset, number of FMF attacks, colchicine dose and severity score were not related to genotypes of SAA1. However, M694V mutation and female gender were significantly associated with severity.

CONCLUSION: The genetic polymorphism of SAA1 is not associated with susceptibility and severity of FMF in Egyptian children.

Elkoumi, M. A., A. A. Emam, M. A. N. Allah, A. H. Sherif, N. M. Abdelaal, A. Mosabah, M. T. Zakaria, M. M. Soliman, A. Salah, Y. M. Sedky, et al., "Association of ficolin-2 gene polymorphisms and susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus in Egyptian children and adolescents: a multicenter study.", Lupus, vol. 28, issue 8, pp. 995-1002, 2019. Abstract

BACKGROUND: Pediatric-onset SLE (pSLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease. Recently, the ficolin-2 (FCN2) gene has emerged as a potential candidate gene for susceptibility to SLE.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of the FCN2 gene polymorphisms at positions -986 (G/A), -602 (G/A), -4 (A/G) and SNP C/T (rs3124954) located in intron 1, with susceptibility to pSLE in Egyptian children and adolescents.

METHODS: This was a multicenter study of 280 patients diagnosed with pSLE, and 280 well-matched healthy controls. The FCN2 promoter polymorphisms at -986 G/A (rs3124952), -602 G/A (rs3124953), -4 A/G (rs17514136) and SNP C/T (rs3124954) located in intron 1 were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction, while serum ficolin-2 levels were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

RESULTS: The frequencies of the FCN2 genotype and allele at -986 and -602 positions were significantly more represented in patients with pSLE than in controls ( < 0.001). Conversely, the FCN2 genotype and allele at position -4 were more common in patients than in controls ( < 0.001). Moreover, patients carrying the FCN2 genotype in -986 position were more likely to develop lupus nephritis (odds ratio: 2.6 (95% confidence interval: 1.4-4.78);  = 0.006). The FCN2 genotype at position -4 was also identified as a possible risk factor for lupus nephritis (odds ratio: 3.12 (95% confidence interval: 1.25-7.84);  = 0.024).

CONCLUSION: The FCN2 promoter polymorphisms may contribute to susceptibility to pSLE in Egyptian children and adolescents. Moreover, the FCN2 genotype at position -986 and genotype at position -4 were associated with low serum ficolin-2 levels and may constitute risk factors for lupus nephritis in pSLE.

Emam, A. A., M. M. M. Shehab, M. A. N. Allah, M. A. Elkoumi, N. E. M. Abdelaal, A. A. A. Mosabah, M. T. Zakaria, A. M. Sherif, M. M. Soliman, R. M. H. El-Kaffas, et al., "Interleukin-4 -590C/T gene polymorphism in Egyptian children with acute lower respiratory infection: A multicenter study.", Pediatric pulmonology, vol. 54, issue 3, pp. 297-302, 2019. Abstract

BACKGROUND: Acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) is the leading cause of child mortality, especially in the developing world. Polymorphisms in the interleukin 4 (IL-4) gene have been linked to a variety of human diseases.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate whether the IL-4 -590C/T (rs2243250) polymorphism could be a genetic marker for susceptibility to ALRIs in young Egyptian children.

METHODS: This was a multicenter study conducted on 480 children diagnosed with pneumonia or bronchiolitis, and 480 well-matched healthy control children. Using PCR-RFLP analysis, we genotyped a -590C/T (rs2243250) single nucleotide polymorphism of the IL-4 gene promoter, meanwhile the serum IL-4concentration was measured by ELISA.

RESULTS: The frequency of the IL-4 -590 T/T genotype and T allele were overrepresented in patients with ALRIs in comparison to the control group (OR = 2.0; [95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38-2.96]; for the T/T genotype) and (OR: 1.3; [95%CI: 1.07-1.56]; for the T allele; P < 0.01). The IL-4 -590 T/T genotype was associated with significantly higher mean serum IL-4 concentration (58.7 ± 13.4 pg/mL) compared to the C/T genotype (47.6 ± 11 pg/mL) and the C/C genotype (34.8 ± 9.6 pg/mL); P < 0.01.

CONCLUSION: The IL-4 -590C/T (rs2243250) polymorphism may contribute to susceptibility to ALRIs in young Egyptian children.

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