Razek, M. A. E., G. E. M. Nasr, M. A. Baiomy, A. Z. Taieb, and M. Refai, Exhaust emissions gases effects on environmental pollution and processing technologies, , vol. 10, issue 1, pp. 361 - 376, 2025. AbstractWebsite

“Global warming” or “climate change” is caused by rising fossil fuel emissions, harming the environment and agriculture. Immediate solutions for sustainable growth are needed. Diesel engines, although efficient and durable, produce more pollutants than gasoline engines and are widely used in power-intensive applications. Reducing these pollutants is essential for environmental and public health, achievable through new technology. The article reviews methods for cleaning diesel exhaust, noting that emission after-treatment devices lose efficiency over time, affecting engine performance. Emphasizing durability, it highlights maintaining high purification standards to meet regulatory and environmental goals. The costs of diesel exhaust purification units vary based on technology complexity, material quality, and application scale. Advanced systems like selective catalytic reduction (SCR) and diesel particulate filters (DPF) require significant investments to ensure efficiency and durability. Installation costs, particularly for retrofitting, can be substantial, and ongoing maintenance and replacement parts add to long-term expenses. Despite these high initial and operational costs, these units are essential for complying with environmental regulations and reducing health risks from diesel emissions. Economic burdens can be alleviated through government incentives and subsidies that promote cleaner technologies.

Nasr, G. E. M., M. A. Baiomy, A. Z. Taieb, M. E. Abdel Razek, and M. Refai, Assessment of the performance of Ni carbon nanotube nano composite coatings and activated carbon for diesel exhaust treatment, , vol. 15, issue 1, pp. 4477, 2025. AbstractWebsite

Diesel engines are essential in sectors such as transportation, agriculture, and power generation, offering benefits like fuel efficiency, high power output, and durability. However, their emissions (NOX, CO2, CO, HC, SO2, and PM) significantly contribute to air pollution, posing serious environmental and health risks. This study aimed to design and fabricate a unit that simulates diesel engine emissions and tests various purification materials. The unit consists of a combustion chamber, filtration media, and exhaust pipes, with materials such as activated carbon, activated carbon with magnesium oxide, and Ni-Carbon Nanotube (CNTs) nanocomposites tested under controlled combustion conditions to measure their pollutant removal efficiencies. Results showed that 100% activated carbon achieved pollutant removal efficiencies of 85.21% for CO2, 80.77% for CO, and 68.84% for HC. Combining activated carbon with magnesium oxide (AC: MgO) enhanced these efficiencies to 76.92% for CO2, 86.84% for CO, and 73.28% for HC. Ni-CNTs nanocomposites (at 0.2 concentration) demonstrated the highest performance, with removal efficiencies of 93.13% for CO2, 94.87% for CO, and 76.02% for HC. These results emphasize the potential of Ni-CNTs nanocomposites as highly efficient materials for reducing diesel exhaust emissions, contributing significantly to cleaner air, better public health, and more sustainable diesel technologies.

Razek, M. A. E., M. A. Baiomy, A. Z. Taieb, M. Refai, and G. E. M. Nasr, Advanced diesel emission control in agricultural tractors using Ni-CNTS nanocomposites and hybrid activated carbon–magnesium oxide adsorbents, , vol. 15, issue 1, pp. 40391, 2025. AbstractWebsite

Agricultural tractors powered by thermally efficient and economically viable diesel engines play a pivotal role in the mechanization farming operations. However, these engines emit harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), total suspended particles (TSP), and sulfur dioxide (SO2), all of which pose significant risks to human, animal, and plant health. In addition, these emissions also contribute to air pollution, global warming. This study builds upon our previous simulation-based research by implementing two novel exhaust gas treatment prototypes directly onto agricultural tractors under real-world field conditions. The first prototype was filled with activated carbon impregnated with magnesium oxides at a 7:0.5 ratio, whereas the second was coated with a nickel–carbon nanotube (Ni-CNTs) composite at a 0.2% concentration. Field experiments were conducted during plowing operations using a nine-shank chisel plow at a fixed depth, with gas measurements taken at intervals between 10 and 40 min. The Ni-CNTs-based prototype achieved superior adsorption efficiencies: 85.1% for CO, 55.21% for HC, 33.71% for TSP, 90.8% for NOx, and 76.1% for SO2. In comparison, the AC–MgO prototype achieved removal efficiencies of 84.68% for CO, 50.0% for HC, 25.0% for TSP, 87.24% for NOx, and 67.39% for SO2.These findings underscore the promising potential of nanomaterial-integrated systems—particularly Ni-CNTs—in enhancing diesel exhaust treatment performance and promoting environmentally sustainable agricultural machinery.

Refai, M., Gamal E. M. Nasr, Wahba Mohammady El-Adawy, Abdalla Mamdouh Mohamed, and H. S. Helm, "TIME-MOTION STUDY OF DATE PALM TRADITIONAL CLIMBING METHOD AND USING CLIMBING MACHINE", Egyptian Journal of Agronomy, vol. 46, issue 2, pp. 461-476, 2024.
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sayed, Abdel Hamid, S.S., A. Kader, Lai, Q., Mousa, W.M., and M. Refai, "Machine learning and analytic hierarchy process integration for selecting a sustainable tractor", scientific reports, vol. 14, issue 2024, pp. e-26735, 2024.
Tarek Kh. A bdelkader, Hassan A. A. Sayed, M. Refai, M. M. Ali, Y. Zhang, Q. Wan, I. Khalifa, Q. Fan, Y. Wang, and M. Abdelhamid, "Machine learning, mathematical modeling and 4E (energy, exergy, environmental, and economic) analysis of an indirect solar dryer for drying sweet potato", Renewable Energy, vol. 227, issue June 2024, pp. e-120535, 2024.
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Tarek Kh. A bdelkader, A. E. Salem, anlin Zhang, Y. Eid, S.Gaballah, M. Refai, M. Torki, and Q. F, "Flat micro heat pipe‑based shell and tube storage unit for indirect solar dryer: a pilot study", Environmental Science and Pollution Research, vol. 35, issue 2024, pp. 46385–46396, 2024.
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Min Wei, Jing Li, Kun Xie, Yang-yi Xiao, Qiang Wan, Zhen-ting Yang, Yong-jun Huang, and R. M., "Effect of WC content on hardness and fracture toughness of WC-Ni60A wear-resistant coatings", Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 491,, issue 15 September 2024, , pp. e-131133, 2024.
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Refai, M., Tarek Kh. A bdelkader, Hassan A. A. Sayed, Mahmoud A. Abdelhamid, Joseph O. Alele, A. Y. Alkhaled, and Q. Ding, "Application of Machine Learning to Study the Agricultural Mechanization of Wheat Farms in Egypt", Agriculture , vol. 13, issue 1, pp. e-10.3390/agriculture13010070 , 2023. agriculture-13-00070.pdf
Refai, M., Q. Wan, B.Y. Jia, P. Liu, Y. Luo, J. Chen, X.Y. Zhang, Y.Y. Xiao, Tarek Kh. A bdelkader, and J. Zh, "Microstructure and mechanical properties of FeCoCrNiAl0.1N high entropy alloy nitride coatings synthesized by cathodic arc ion plating using alloy target", Surface and Coatings Technology, vol. 457, issue 25 March 2023, pp. e-129305, 2023.
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